Panes oe Tatetat tet cer tt sfeletetet iris tt ietsietetelg orgie gyi estates a Ranty Sse ge Neaeonst > uaa feiaieiate Tete : ; Setatioe martes! at : : ; ; Hh ot Saks Bate ai ein rhe 5 it 3a at Rated SESS RSE ustra li zy He vy bl MARCH ISSUE, 1949 Published Quarterly gree 2 6 THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES (INCORPOR.- ATING THE NEWCASTLE ORCHID CIRCLE), THE QUEENSLAND ORCHID SOCIETY, THE yb VICTORIAN ORCHID CLUB, AND THE ORCHID CLUB OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Page ii i __ -AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 505 sh Ee nso TO DO Ot toto ORCHIDS of Quality Girrahween N urseries 190 WOLLONGONG RD., ARNCLIFFE SYDNEY, N.S.W. - TEL. {LX 1106 In Advertising a ae the element of time is one to be reckoned with—as it has important underlying effects, particularly on the volume of future business. Efficient process engraving is an effective ally when up against "'time."’ Turning to the fine art studios at 89 William Street, you are sure of RESULTS not EXCUSES in the hour of urgency. A free enterprise, not process engraving as a sideline, a progressive organisation noted for the consistent quality of its work—maintained by ..... PHOTO-ENGRAVING ART COMPANY PROPRIETARY LIMITED 89 wittetiaAoM Py ie Ss Y DN E Y Ox Time and in Step with Advertising Dass cam umn am es es sm me ee se eee ee La} i Composite aE ap to Volumes 14, 15, and 16—1949, 1950, 1951 Compiled by P. A. Gilbert ‘(Honorary Editor) Comprising Index to Articles - - - ae Ras - - Page 3 Index to Illustrations - : E = ; 7 Page 6 | skoda ad ae PUBLISHED QUARTERLY The Official Organ of the THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES THE ORCHID CLUB OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA THE QUEENSLAND ORCHID SOCIETY THE VICTORIAN ORCHID CLUB THE HOBART ORCHID CLUB ra Published by SHEPHERD & NEWMAN PTY. LTD. Yurong Street, Sydney, Australia. Subscription Rates: Australia and New Zealand, 12/6 per annum; | Overseas, 12/6 sterling per annum. Post free. Single copy, 3/6 Advertising Rates obtainable from the Proprietors, | INDEX TO ARTICLES Alexander, H. G., Nursery, A visit to .. Air Conditioning... Australian Orchids ..... Awards, A Reference List Awards, O.S. of N.S.W., 1948 . Awards, O.S. of N.S.W., 1949 .. Awards, O.S. of N.S.W., 1950 ...... Awards, O.S. of N.S.W., (and Corrections 1950) Awards, O.S. of N.S.W., 1951 . err ete Awards, V.O.C., 1948-1949 ...... Barring tong ODS Book Review—Native Orchids of North A: British Orchid Growers’ Association Brown, Robert—A Brief Memoir . Bulbophyllum falcatum ooo. Cairns Orchid Society’s Show ... CCEPER NIE oo ne reveeptmm onbnarca Cattleya Group, Some Observations on the . Cattleya Siemens aan nen Cattleyas in Mackay, Q. .............. Cattleyas, My Experience of Growing . Coconut Husks as Compost .. Coelogyne pandurata. .... Compost or Conditions? Corsage, My Lady’s ..... Corsage Spray Making Cryptochilus sanguineus . Cultural Notes—See News and Notes, orothy Cymbidium Standard (revised) 0.8. of N.S.W. Cymbidium x Sussex var, Laelia Sasso... CM DIGS enn Cymbidiums, Distribution of . Cymbidiums in Frosty Areas . Cymbidiums, Where to Flower Cypripediums He mee RR oe Eo Cypripediums, Cultivation in England... D.D.T. for Spraying Orchids . Dendrobium bigibbum. ............. Dendrobium bigibbum or D. Phalaenopsis Dendrobium Phalaenopsis var. Compactum. .. Dendrobium Smilliae ..... Dendrobium Whiteanum . District Exhibits, O.S. of N.S.W., 1951 Don’t Get in & RUb econ du Pont, The late Mrs. W. K. ... Echoes from Overseas btrcitcan Sorte ee tame tore cao Rint te Editorials—Jubilee Orchid Festival 1951, The O.S. of N.S.W. Orchid Festival 1950, The SDtNoe SNOW Sienna eterna Voice of the Orchid Love, The Winter Show, The 1950 Exporting Orchid BOOMS) vmeecgmoesme No. VN Sa pRPNDOD HP Pee WW VHP NN HH NYWOwWwP RNP WNW WEN HOR PNW RWNNYES ei 09 Re D0 09 Page 126 109 110 115 113 121 Vol. 15 oo Page 77 Fertility of Orchid Composts, The From the Editor’s Mail Bag Germination of Orchid Seed, The Gosper, C.T. The late uu... Gravel Culture, More about Greenhood Orchid, Observations on the Growing Orchids in Brisbane .rcccccccocnnes Hydroponics Culture, Experiments in Importance of Varietal Names, The In Memoriam—Ames, Oakes Coleman, Edith... Nicholls, W. H. Whitey; Chale. Judging District Exhibits (O.S. Of N.iS.W.) ccc Kerosene Heater, The . Knudson, Dr. Lewis ..... Leaf Mould and a Potting Mixture ... Letters to the Editor Light and Fresh Air Lure of the Orchid, The MOS2.1 Cee eeeeerrtee My Failures. .... Newcastle Orchid Circle Newcastle Orchid Show (1949) Newcastle Orchid Show (1950) News and Cultural Notes, ete. ...... NotesrforuN vices tiictensproaias.damine tore eet eee an er een Odontoglossums in Sydney erm Oncidium varicosum var. Rogersii . Orchid Club of South Australia Show 1950, The Orchid Collection at Taronga Park, The Proposed .. Orchid Festival, O.S. of N.S.W.,. 1949, The cece Orchid Growing in Western Australia Orchid Landscape ....... Orchid Notes, Some ..... Orchid Press and Herbarium Orchid Shoulder Spray Making .. Orchid Society of Western Australia, Orchids, An Address ON ou. Orchids and Adult Education Orchids in England .. Orchids—Orchid Growers’ “Association of England Orchids of Western Australia, Some .......... Orchids, When and How to Wear Them . Organic Manures for Orchids .........0.00 O.S. of N.S.W. Winter Show, 1951 Our Winter Show (0.8. of N.S.W., 1949) . Pest Indicators nen ic Phalaenopsis amabilis ‘var. “Rosenstromii : Phalaenopsis in North Ss “Phalaenopsis Schilleriana Phones Points System of Judging Orchids Prize Winners—O.S.'of N.S.W. Orchid Festival, 1950 ... Prize Winners—O.S. of N.S.W. Jubilee Festival, 1951 .. vA eo WWW CRB oO mo OR RR Rh RCO 8S fo Rt tO ne | el OPE HRP RW REE EE ROH WR oe ee Co ee et Co 0 16 15 15 15 16 16 14 14 15 15 15 16 er) eo Page | 36-49 93-115 | 48-59 108-132 -Queensland’s Two Shovs .. Queensland Orchid Society, The History of the . Question Box South Australia’s Springtails ............. 4th Annual Exhibition Success with Sixpence Vale and Hail ......... Vanda Group, The Victorian Orchid Club Spring Show, 1949 . Victorian Orchid Club Spring Show, 1950 ... Victorian Orchid Club Spring Show, 1951 . Victorian Orchid Club Winter Show, 1950 . Victorian Orchid Club Winter Show, 1951 . Victorian Orchid Collections, Among Dm Pee S HB PVD ARRH RARE WR HO YVR DDH INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Air-Conditioning Fan, An Brassocattleya Bruges var. Noel (colour) ... Bulbophyllum falcatum Caladenia flava Caladenia pectinata Cattleya x Aureata. ...... Cattleya x Bow Bells var. Wonabah . Cattleya Skinneri (COlOUL) wince Cattleya x Sohma var. Laelia Sasso Centre Table, Orchid Festival, 1949 . Cryptochilus sanguineus ecco Culture Flasks (two drawings) Cymbidium x AdONiS wuss Cymbidium x Balkis var. Elouera .. Cymbidium x Balkis var. Luath. ........ Cymbidium x Carisbrook var. True Rose (colour) Cymbidium x Dorchester var. Janette ...... Cymbidium x Dorchester var. Jeanette .. Cymbidium x Girrahween var. Enid (colour) Cymbidium x Girrahween var, Gloria ....... Cymbidium x Goldcrest var. Wondabah. .. Cymbidium x Historian var. Lindfield ..... Cymbidium x Istambul var. Isobel .......... Cymbidium x Joy Sander var. Ruth (colour) Cymbidium x Lady Moxham var. L. F. G. Begbie Cymbidium x Princesse Astrid var. Dorothy ...... en Cymbidium xX Sussex Var. Laelia, SASSO ccs Cymbidium x Swallow var. Jill ........... Cymbidium x Swallow var. Patricia . Cymbidium x Swallow var. Soulangeana Cymbidiums, A Group of .... Cypripedium x Adelaide .. Cypripedium x Evanshurst var. Patricia Co Cypripedium x Emberton var. Dawn (COLOUYL) oon Cypripedium Gertrude West x Hunsworth var. Louise Cypripedium x Listoria var. Warringal Cypripedium x Londinum var. Mascot... Cypripedium x Mildred Hunter .. Cypripedium Spicerianum De Rose, F. H. Display .... Diuris longifolia... Eastwood & District Orchid Circle Winning Exhibit 00... Glossodia emarginata ccm Greenhoods (Pterostylis) W. A. Hydroponics Bench—Cattlelyas in Flower Phalaenopsis necccecceenne Older Cattleya Plants Young Cattleya Plants .. Jubilee Orchid Festival Opening, 1951 coon Laelia anceps (colour) Pees Laeliocattleya x Firminii (colour) .. Laeliocattleya x Hertha var. Wondabah (colour) . Miltonia x Belgica var Laelia Sasso (COLUT) mmm: NicholisSthes lates Wasi sarreeerate fea ets), oh | remanent Odontoglossum x Alorcus var, excelsis Odontoglossum x Hermes var. Cheltenham . Oxchid@Presss 191201 171 meee en Out-of Doors Landscape Garden -evmmmmmenemmnnn Vol. No. | et eel BPP NENW CROW RW WWW RUE RO WH WO Re Pee oor ED ye + PR Looe ell ell Sn Page 18 69 20 Vol. 16 15 No. 2 4 50 105 Vol. No. Page Vol. No. Page 14 1 15 16 4 119 15 3 72 Proportioner Pump .. 15 3 72 Rhinerrhiza \dlvitinorageee ee er we el 9 16 2 49 Royal Group, A 16 3 81 Thelymitra crinita .... 15 4 101 Thelymitra Sargentii 15 4 101 Vanda x Flammerole (colour) . ie 16 1 19 Weston Tumination Meter cousin 15 3 72 SS rn nr re rn Now for sale at all leading Booksellers THE CHARM OF GROWING ORCHIDS by P. A, Gilbert Illustrated in Black and White. Contains 237 pages of text Price 36/- (Postage extra) ORCHIDS Their Culture and Classification by P. A. Gilbert Contains 252 pages of text, 16 photographic plates and a Frontispiece in colour. Price 42/- (Postage extra) Published by THE SHEPHERD PRESS YURONG STREET, SYDNEY N.S.W., AUSTRALIA. earner eee apt greeter ee Page 2 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Exportins Orchid Blooms J. MITCHELL, Kogarah, N.S.W. In your December issue, Mr..H. A. Seafarth, Victoria, seeks reliable and authentic informa- tion concerning the exportation of Cymbidium Orchids to the U.S.A. Being the largest shipper of these blooms and, also, the pioneer of this export trade, I trust, that the following information may be of some assistance, and that it will liquidate some of the fallacies and misinterpretations current through- out Australia. Our sales reports from the U.S. are open for perusal by any genuine enquirer, as also, letters from the Australian Trade Com- missioner of San Francisco. His query about what is the most suitable type cf Cymbidium bloom to export can only be answered negatively. It is an age old ques- tion of what the feminine sense of colour and quality demands. This cannot be given by any statistics or past sales, but it is essential that only blooms of good size, texture, colours that are clear and solid, be shipped; also that spikes be cut at the right time. Many growers are loath to cut a spike until the last flower has reached its fullness. This is a mistake. Usually the last flower is small, and it is unfair to expect pay- ment for this last flower as well as those blooms which have first opened on the spike. Either the first opened blooms or the last one to open will be ineligible. The former has aged and the - latter is small. One has to be sacrificed and it is best to cut the spike before the last bud reaches maturity. This ensures a spike of fresh blooms which will last longer. One can only again emphasise the importance that only fresh blcoms of choicest quality and maturity be ex- ported, Blooms which show sun or wind burns or spots are unsuitable. This also applies to dirty and dusty blooms. The grower with a well- designed glasshouse grows the better blooms, has the majority of these free from faults; from a florist’s viewpoint receives a better price, and soon enjoys a reputation for quality, and hence an assured and regular market. The glasshouse should: be completely enclosed and the ventila- tors covered with a fine wire mesh to prevent the entry of insects. Flowering plants should be taken in as soon as the buds are half-formed and flowered under the glass. There is no doubt that this lessens spotting; controversial but general opinion is that it is caused by the bites of insects during the bud stage, and the bites result in the destruction of the surrounding cells and an enlarged transparent spotting in the fully formed flower. As the local market is be- coming saturated, and the overseas market is — limited, it is only a matter of time before only © perfectly clean unspotted blooms will be sale- — able. | The very choicest of Cymbidium blooms — grown in Sydney have been shipped to the U.S. — including the highest priced. The Australian — Trade Commissioner, who has viewed these — shipments on arrival, states that they are only | comparable with blooms grown in the U.S. One © shipper forwarded sample flowers of our best © Cymbidiums, quoting our local prices per bulb. © The American growers stated that such prices — were exorbitant, and were not interested. It is — well to remember that the U.S. has bought the — major output of England during the past ten — years and that they employ the best labour — available. There are growers of Cattleyas in the © U.S. who cut 10,000 blooms per month. | During 1948, approximately 70,000 Cym- — bidium blcoms were shipped to the U.S. Of this — quantity I shipped the major number. During 1947 limited quantities were shipped from Syd- ney, and they reached into the thousand figure — per week. There were only one or two small — shipments made from a Southern State, whilst — those from Sydney were made regularly each © week. } During the early stages of this export trade — there was much to be ironed out, cables, trans — Pacific telephone calls, packing difficulties, and — the general hazards of a new departure. All these were met by the early shippers and bene- fitted by those shippers who later freighted — these blooms in an endeavour to grasp the for- tune which misinformed newspapers led us to _ believe awaited us all. These visions were quickly dispelled after a few sales reports had been re- ceived. Unfortunately, many unsuitable blooms were sent. They were badly packed and showed a sad lacking of knowledge of merchandising in goods to the U.S. Presentation of specimens, especially when one is engaged in such a luxury trade, is a must. What our American friends thought on receiving some of these consign- ments needs no dwelling on. Two small ship- pers received instructions to discontinue, and these instructions held for the rest of the season. They can only blame themselves for such hap- penings. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Packing and presentation are the main feat- ures of exporting, and they can only come from experience and the know-how. The stem must be water-fed during transit by some medium. Different shippers have different methods, and some have advantages which are governed by costs and labour. Transit losses vary from 4 to 20 per cent. Most shippers collect the blooms from the various growers and these are repacked for ship- ment. Before the air company will receive the consignment it is necessary to produce an Ex- porter’s Licence and a Health Certificate from the Quarantine Dapartment for each and every shipment. Any consignment of a value in ex- cess of 100 dollars must be accompanied by a Consular Invoice, which costs 15/10. Freight cost is at the rate of 14/10 per pound weight, or 200 bubic inches; whichever is the greater. After shipment the consignor must forward 3 copies of Export Entry forms, and 2 copies of Currency Control forms to the Customs House. Monetary returns are in the form of dollar cheques which must be paid into a bank, and the shipper receives approximately 6/14 for each dollar involved. Cheques take 6 weeks to clear. _ The flying time from Sydney to San Fran- cisco is 45 hours, but goods must be lodged with the air company before 5 p.-m., although the ship does not leave the airport until mid- night. On arrival the goods are cleared by a customs agent who has a permanent office at the airport. These customs agents are not em- ployees of even the largest wholesalers of air- freighted flowers, but are free agents who handle and quickly expedite the clearance of perishables through the customs for special fees. Our consignments are forwarded to the largest wholesaler of flowers on the Pacific Coast, with 300 sub-agents throughout the U.S. This com- pany has a direct telephone line to the airport, and receipt of the consignment is made in the minimum of time, _ All financial commitments are on a commis- sion basis only, and all costs, including 15 per cent. commission for sales, a percentage for advertising, import duty of 25 per cent., cus- tom agents fee, and transport costs from the arprot to the warehouse are deducted from the selling price, Air freight is paid this end, and duty must be paid on the blooms whether they € saleable or not. One spotted bloom will de- Preciate the value of the whole spike, and the larger blooms fetch more than the smaller coms at the end of the spike, so it is evident Page 3 that the buyer values each each individual bloom. All losses incurred, such as blooms broken, dead or damaged in transit have to be met by the shipper. Should the market be slow, and the quantity of blooms not sold accumulate in the warehouse, they soon depreciate in value, and thsoe unsaleable are dumped. We had 2000 blooms dumped within two weeks owing to a saturated market. At one period the U.S. mar- ket had a surfeit of Cattleya blooms with no buyers at 25 cents per bloom. Although this price has an exchange currency value of 1/6 Australian it is well to remember that the aver- age American tradesman receives from 2 dollars up per hour in wages. Simple calculation shows that he could have bought 8 Cattleyas for one hour’s wages. This would be the equivalent of sixpence each in Sydney. The best of Cym- bidiums cannot compete against a Cattleya at those prices, and sales of our blooms were at a standstill for some weeks. It is indeed unfortu- nate that the American flush season for Cattleyas coincies with the flusl of our Cym- bidiums. However, our agents are utilising their sales resources to the full, and emphasise to the florists the keeping qualities of the Cymbdium in comparison to the Cattleya, but from my lady’s point of view the Cymbidium is forced to take second place. Another factor is that the Australian season for Cymbidiums occurs during some of the hottest months in the U.S. and this is the slack period for corsage wear. It is a matter to be given consideration, for, should Cymbidiums be cultured to bloom later in the year they would enjoy a better market, and spread deliveries over a longer period. To sum up Mr. Seafarth’s enquiries I can only reiterate that it is impossible to give an opinion as to the best types of blooms suitable for ex- port beyond the fact that they must be choice. Methods of packing are, more or less, a trade secret learnt from experience, time, experiment, expense and application of individuality. I do not know of any Sydney shipper who has an Agent in Victoria, but should Mr. Seafarth, your correspondent, care to write to me at 172 Harrow Rd., Kogarah, N.S.W., I will be very pleased to answer. I would like to modify some of the state- ments attributed and published in your maga- zine, Firstly, a very small percentage of the blooms reached the price of 1 dollar each, and this was in the early stages when few blooms were being shipped. Early blooms are unsuit- able for export, and those that are, are not available in any quantity, hence the high value. Page 4 Correspondence from the Australian Trade Commisioner states that our shipments were considered to be the best in quality, yet our average price for the season was 46 cents per bloom, and from this there had to be deducted the cost of buying, collection, packing and air freight. ~ Referring to the par in the S.M. Herald, when we gave an average of 65 cents, we wish to state that this figure was based on the re- turns we had received at that time for part of the 30,000 blooms we had shipped up to the day the enquiry was made. At this stage we had an accumulation of 20,000 in the U.S. un- sold, and which later brought prices that some- @ As so many new members have joined the Queensland Orchid Society during the past few years, I have often felt inclined, particularly so of late, to give a short talk on the history of the formation of the Society and its activities over the years. Many years ago there were few Orchid growers in Brisbane, and there was formed at that time a very small Orchid Society; but in those days, most Orchid growers (or should I say, those who grew exotic Orchids) were a very close and jealous lot who used to show at the monthly meetings of the Horticultural Society. Competition became so keen amongst them that it eventually led to a little disagree- ment, and the Orchid Society gradually faded into oblivion. However, Orchid growing still went on quietly as the years advanced, and gradually a few isolated enthusiasts sprang up here and there. Frequently I would interrupt Mr. Beard in his lunch hour, but he would always give me a happy greeting and smile, inviting me to sit down and talk over our Orchid pleasures and troubles, and, as an old grower of Orchids, offer me a lot of advice gained through his own ex- perience in the culture of Orchids for so many years. It was during one of these lunch hour chats —one day about the second week in January, 1934—that Mr. Beard took the words out of my mouth, so to speak, when he said, “I think we ought to form an Orchid Society.” To AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 | times did not pay for the freight charges. Thus the average fell with the larger number of blooms sold. Again, that par can be misinterp- | reted. Out of the return to Australia the pur-_ chase price of the bloom had to be deducted. Summing it all up it appears that it is a market that can never be predicted, and it is only in shipping large quantities, perfectly packed, with a sound knowledge of American methods and merchandising that this export trade can be made a paying proposition. Should your magazine require any further information I will be pleased to add to this article, which I trust will still a number of — doubts prevalent in the minds of many growers. l The History of the Queensland Orchid Society Vv. W. A. MOLLER, Brisbane, @. which I replied most enthusiastically in the i affirmative, So we immediately put our heads together, — listing those whom we each knew to be Orchid growers,and if my memory serves me correctly, there were in the vicinity of twenty-two per- sons who were invited to attend in Mr. Beard’s — office a meeting which was convened by him. It was held in the New Zealand Insurance Building on January 24th, 1934, as 8 p.m. and — those present were Messrrs. E. J. Beard (who — as convener occupied the chair), J. R. Tanner, — A. Glindemann, A. P. Blair, T. C. Harveson, — V. Hutcheon, W. McK. Robertson, M. R. Fox, _ M. Gall, A. D. Wetherell, B. Grimes, L. F. Hayes and V. W. A. Moller. Apologies for non- attendance were received from Messrs. M. P. _ Campbell and C. Swenson. At that little historic gathering the Queens- _ land Orchid Society was born and the follow-— ing were elected as office-bearers:—Patron, His Excellency the Governor, Sir Leslie Orme Wil- son. President: Mr. E. J. Beard. Vice Presidents: Messrs. M. P. Campbell, C. Gamin, C. Swenson, G. G. Bass (Townsville), A. Glindemann and J. L. Bailey. Hon. Technical Adviser: Mr. C- T. White. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Mr. V. W. A. Moller Committee: Messrs. J. R. Tanner, J. C. Harveyson, L. F. Hayes, M. R. Fox, W. McK. Robertson, W. N. Jackson, A. P. Blair and M. Gall. ; It is deeply regretted that six of the above — gentlemen have since passed away and they were not only a deep loss to those nearest and dearest _ AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 to them, but also to the Queensland Orchid Society. The first monthly meeting of the Society was held on Friday, March 9th, 1934, when 21 were Present, of whom 3 were ladies. At the second monthly meeting which was held in the C.T.A. main dining hall on April 20th, 1934, two lecturettes were delivered, one by the late Mr. L. Franzen on the “Orchid beetle,” and the other by Mr. L. P. Hayes on potting Orchids, accompanied by a practical demonstration, and both speakers, as you will appreciate, were attentively listened to and applauded for their contributions which were of educational value to the members present. Lectures such as these and others on Vandas, Phalaenopsis, Cattleyas, Cypripediums, Cym- bidiums, fertilising of Orchids, pH and the D.D.T.’s have been given by members practic- ally every month since the Society’s inception, and they have been appreciated by both Country and Metropolitan members. It is to be hoped that the younger members of the Queens- land Orchid Society will rally forth and pre- pare lecturettes or give notes on their ex- periences in Orchid growing. The importaton of plants from overseas was one of the many problems confronting the Q.0.S. as we were not a trading Society, so the late Mr. J. R. Tanner (then Treasurer of the Society) volunteered to do the importing and finance the whole project. Quite a few members of our Society owe a lot to our late ‘dear friend for the opportunity of building up their collections with hybrid. Cattleyas, Den- ‘drobes and Vandas, as Mr. Tanner would not charge a penny more than the actual landed cost. In fact, I often used to feel that he bore a lot of losses instead of spreading the burden of such losses over the number of good plants which members actually received. It calls to mind a little incident which I am sure will make a few smile when I remind them of the occasion Mr. Tanner was ordering a lot of Dendrobes from a firm in Burma, as they had ‘sent a special price list of quantities of fifty and hundred of each variety, and I said, “Order fifty Renanthera imschootiana, Jim!” and he teplied, “Where am I going to get rid of all of those, as hardly anyone knows what they are like?” “Pll take twenty-five, Jim,” was my teply, so, having only twenty-five to distribute made him feel at ease, and he ordered them accordingly, During one of my business trips to South Queensland they arrived, so on the Saturday Page 5 afternoon following my return I called to pick my lot up. Mr. Tanner said, “Here are your imschootianas,” but I could not see them until they were pointed out, whereupon I exclaimed, “They're not imschootianas,’ and so we had all been taken in with the deal. They turned out to be some form of Arachnanthe, and not worth the trouble of potting. At a later date Mr. Tanner placed an order with an Indian firm so I modified my order to twelve, but they were the genuine Orchid we had sought. There was a lot of hard work to be done at the beginning of the Society’s existence and I took the opportunity wherever I could boost the Society by giving short talks over 4BH, 4MD and 4BU, getting members in every town I visited north of Brisbane, and as far away as Mossman. Funds, of course, were needed in the first year or two, and I -was optimistic about getting a few life members from among our members, so I set the ball rolling by paying in my cheque for £10/10/-, expecting to be followed by a few more affluent members, but the ball didn’t roll any further. I even tried very hard one Sunday morning in North Queensland to get a well-to-do man to become a life member, and I am quite certain that had he had his cheque book on him I would have succeeded, but just at that stage his wife called him saying he was wanted on the ’phone (I have an idea she had been listening to our’ conversation) for when he returned to me he said, “I think PIl just pay 7/6 this time, as you never know, I may die before I get my money’s worth out of being a Life Member. Anyway, perhaps next year when you come up I may give you a cheque for £10/10/- then.” However, my friend evidently knew more than I did for he passed away before I visited the town the following year. Owing to pressure of business, and when the spadework in the organisation of the Society was finished, I relinquished the Hon. Secretary- ship and the Society was very fortunate in securing Mr. Harveyson to fill the post. He has done, and still is doing, a marvellous job. Dur- ing the war years he worked hard to raise funds for various patriotic bodies. Members respon- ded very generously, enabling Mr. Harveyson’s schemes to be a huge success. I should have mentioned earlier that for a time we met monthly at Mr. Beard’s office un- til we had to find a larger meeting room, which we eventually did through the good grace of the late Mr. Tanner, as he arranged for our monthly Page 6 meetings to be held in Wertheim House oppo- site the Customs House, but as our member- ship grew we found the accommodation not to our satisfaction, and were not unmindful of the fact that some of our members were not too happy about being trapped inside the lift. Then Lt. Col. A. T. Jackson arranged for our meet- ings to be held in the Miniature Rifle Range Building where we have been very comfortably suited for quite a few years now. Over the years the Society has had some very fine spring showings here, and on 11th October, 1940, Mr. J. Murray Cox, who was President at the time, had organised an Orchid Show and Patriotic Concert in the City Hall. The Lord Mayor (Ald J. B. Chandler) was very enthu- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 siastic about it, and suggested that we hold a two or three days’ show for patriotic purposes in 1941. For the three days and three nights only 500 people paid for admission, but we didn’t have the Americans here then or our attendances would have been enormous. The Society is still gaining new members and doing good work which I feel sure will ever continue so. I am indebted to Mr. Beard for his rough notes used to convene the original meeting in 1934, and also to Mr. Harveyson for making available the old minute book which showed a true record of those who attended the in- augural meeting, and other literature he made available to me. A Word to Beginners in the Art of Orchid Shoulder Spray Making @ Although laying no claims to being an ex- pert on the subject, I have had some little experience and success in the making of Orchid shoulder sprays and hereunder I offer a few suggestions which may help some interested would-be florist on the way to success in this particular branch of floral art. First of all, to make a successful shoulder spray one must have good quality flowers which are pleasing to the eye and also good lasting, as flowers used in ladies’ shoulders sprays are usually made up some time before the hour of wearing and when worn are subjected to both sun and wind, or else hot lights in crowded halls, where a very fragile flower would wilt and spoil the whole effect of the creation. Other essentials are harmonising embellish- ments, such as coloured leaves, ribbon, grasses, or maidenhair fern, but these, of course, must be left to the maker’s discretion and sense of harmony. At the present time there is a con- troversy as to the suitability of cellophane- covered wire in various designs being used with Orchids—one side liking same and the other believing that this added embellishment is too dominant and detracts from the prominence of the Orchid flowers—but here again this matter is one for the judgment of the florist or wearer. When creating a shoulder spray or corsage one must see that a strong enough florist’s wire is used to support the Orchids and foliage and that everything is firmly wired and well finished off so that no short ends of wire are left protruding to catch the wearer’s frock. The stems may be covered after wiring by winding a strip of cellophane around the wired stalks, but this is only done to prevent staining the frock and is not absolutely necessary if a firm piece of ornamental fern or leaf is placed be- hind the finished spray. The ffowers when ready for assembling are wired artistically together in a zig-zag fashion (not directly under one another) and the em- bellishments so placed to fill in any large gaps between the flowers. However, any foliage or trimming should be merely subsidiary and not overlap or crowd out the Orchid flowers, as, after all, these are the main items of the spray. Also, the flowers should be so placed that if the foliage wilts before the flower (which is quite often the case) the spray would still serve its purpose and look attractive. It is the writer’s opinion that three Cym- bidiums are sufficient for a shoulder spray for day-time wear and four or at the most five flowers for the evening, ball, or wedding. In any case the flowers should not be over-large or a thicker wire than necessary used, as this tends to make the spray too heavy and will weigh down a lady’s light frock. When the flowers and trimmings are assembled. satisfactorily—see that the spray “sits” evenly and does not wobble unnecessarily when laid on a flat surface—then, if desired, a bunch of ribbon may be added at the base of the spray and also a piece of fern is placed up the back to protect the wearer’s frock as mentioned above. To add this protection a firm piece of AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Page 7 Don’t Get in a Rut W. PALMER, Drummoyne, N.S.W. @ These remarks cover several aspects of Orchid growing that have been spoken of at our meet- ings and will contain some friendly criticism and, I trust, a few helpful hints to members, both old and new. Some Interstate Societies know us as the Cym- bidium Society of N.S.W. As we are all aware, a big number of our members do grow only Cymbidiums. So let us get out of the Cym- bidium rut and let our mutual hobby cover a wider variety of Orchids. We have heard a lot about composts for various plants. My experience has taught me that most Orchids are very adaptable to a variety of composts. I have seen Cymbidiums growing in so many mixtures, from sawdust to tan bark and in various positions in and out of doors and in rockeries, that I am led to wonder which is the ideal one. The same applies to Cypripediums, which grow in fibre, tan bark and garden loam, and now we have seen the stately Cattleya family growing like a green bay tree in tan bark and tan bark mixtures, Let us now turn to the question of light, par- ticularly in regard to glasshouses, for our plants. I am sure that most growers use the hip-type roof. Is this in the best interest of the plants? I do not always think so. In Newcastle and Melbourne recently I saw two houses designed by growers to suit their own needs and they were obtaining excellent results. In addition I believe we can give our plants more light than we do with beneficial effect. My next comment will probably get me a caning from some of the members. Hybridis- ing and seed-raising has become an established - part of Orchid culture here and although we A Se es fern is wired at its stalk end and the top of the fern is laid along the back-bone of the spray and the wire wound round the stem. After this the handle claims our attention. This is the butt of the spray where all the wires are wound together and is used to help the Wearer pin it to her frock. The handle should be shortened to the required length—usually about in. to 3in.—and should be practically out of sight under the lower leaves or flowers. It is then covered with tinfoil or cellophane. This then should complete the Orchid shoul- der spray and should present a charming effect _ to delight the heart of any lady. JOYCE P, LAVERICK. have seen a few nice flowers from our raisers, what about trying for some new colours? What about a blue Cattleya or Cymbidium? Is this impossible? Whilst I know that from pollenisa- tion to flowering is a long, tedious process, I think these colours are not beyond our hybrid- ists here. In Melbourne, last March, I saw a Cattleya Paryasates which had a definite blue tint through the petals and sepals. If this were used as a base to work on, could we not evolve this colour mentioned above? This is where a community seed centre would and could oper- ate. In regard to the Cymbidium let the older members throw their minds back to Cymb. Profusion var. Violaceum at Mr. J. Bisset’s show at David Jones in 1943. Now let us look at ‘another aspect of Orchid growing. At the present time many of our out- door growers are turning to glasshouse culture and this will open up an entirely new field for them. By combining the two methods of cul- ture, those who have been tied to Cymbidiums alone may now have blooms all the year round and not only in the winter and spring. At the various shows last year we had a very good lesson in this regard. Many ‘families, the names of which were previously only hearsay, were shown in bloom on the show benches. Let us take some of these names and we will be able to see how easy it is to get out of the big three “C” rut. Cyms.—Catts.—Cyps. I am not over- looking the fact that the big three can supply flowers all the year round, but variety is the spice of life in Orchid growing as in other things. The Vandaceous group with the nice-scented flowers. Ceologynes, the Dendrobium family, Laelias, Miltonias, the Oncidium group, Phal- aenopsis family, Renantheras, Zygopetalums, Phaius family, Bletias, Epidendrums, Lycastes, and last but by no means least the Odontoglos- sum and QOdontioda families and our own native Orchid species. ; Many members may think me boastful to name all these families, but I have them all in in my own collection and quite a few more, too, on the average suburban garden back yard area of 6oft. x 40ft. Quite a number of these families are avail- able at our commercial growers and, if not, can be imported from England, India and Java and in some cases, can be obtained by exchange with overseas growers. Continued on page 13 Page 8 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 | Cymbidium Culture in Sydney A. R. BEGG, Bellevue Hill, N.S.W. @ I have been asked by the Hon. Editor for another article on these popular Orchids grown here in Sydney in the open or in bush houses. I will refer to my last paper in the September Review, 1947., and include any further obser- yations noted since that date. Repotting takes up such a lot of time each year that it is advisable to start early, say August, and get all small plants and those that do not require breaking up done and finished first and out of the way. All plants which have undamaged roots can be potted early, but if plants are pot-bound or are to be cut up and divided it is advisable to wait until late Sep- tember or early October for warmer weather when root growth starts more readily and the check to the plant is not so prolonged. I find also that some Cymbidiums are not checked by division, while others resent it and always re- ceive a check; this must also be considered. If the grower has a heated glasshouse available, plants can be dene much earlier, even an un- heated house is a great help to put plants into for a few weeks after division. I rarely repot plants carrying flower spikes. I find root action is practically dormant then and it is advisable to cut flowers a week or so before dividing a plant. Breaking up a favourite plant that has be- come pot-bound is a major operation for a be- ginner. Previously, I have favoured a knife and cutting the rhizome before knocking the plant from its pot. I have since acquired a special thin pair of secateurs and I now dry the plant for a week then knock it out of the pot and lay it on soft ground, remove the crocking material and then with secateurs sever back- bulbs (if any) first and also cut away their dead roots. I will then probably be able to cut the plant into two divisions and by taking one piece in each hand and gently shaking and pull- ing apart in most cases the divisions separate gradually with roots in reasonable condition. Press a little powdered sulphur on the cut sur- faces of the rhizome. Pot your pieces in damp compost and refrain from watering for a few days, and then water lightly for some time and gradually increase as the plant shows signs of growing. If the roots have been bady smashed or are non-existant it is advisable to trim the leaves back to half length to check transpiration of water which causes the bulbs to shrivel (water passing out of the plant through the leaves and | none coming in because there is no root action): Place plant in glasshouse for a week or so in 4 warm corner if possible. Pots are still hard to obtain and we have— very little choice; in most types the drainagé hole is too small and should be enlarged. See you © crock your pots correctly, large pieces at the bottom, then smaller, and finish with a hand-— ful of fine chips on top; do it properly, it important. It is no use having correct mixtufé_ in the compost if your crocking is faulty. I use and find, the zinc perforated discs quite satis factory with a handful of small cinders or chat-_ coal on top. I am sure Cymbidiums cannot bée~ overpotted when grownig in the open in Syd-— ney provided the compost and crocking are correct. In large pots the plants get more food; require less watering, and the roots are not sO matted when it is time for division, the maid — drawback with large pots is the amount of com-— post they require and the trouble in moving them about. Composts.—It has been said that Cym-— bidiums will grow in any compost withit reason, yes, and I have seen some queer ones | too. I have a friend who throws in everything — he can lay his hands on from shavings to ol bags, but I think we should be more discerning Tan bark has given excellent results not only for Cymbidiums but for many other types of Orchids and I would say it is No. 1 choice. Us’ it partly rotted, Leaf mould is very populaf also any rotted vegetable matter such as hops nut husks, etc., are all suitable if in propet condition as plant foods. A mixture of tha above items should make a good compost. In-— clude a small quantity of charcoal lumps an? up to 15 per cent. coarse river sand or brick rubble to keep the compost open. Old cow manure can be included to enrich the mixtuse— and perhaps a trace of bone meal. The mai? — factor is to see the compost is open and that water wil pass through it readily. | Watering is an important part of culture” which every grower must decide for himself to suit his own particular conditions, situatiots — type of compost and size of pots; the compost — should be damp but not always wet. Briefly, i would say give plenty of water in the warm months when plants are in full growth and gradually reduce it towards winter, when wate! — AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 occasionally in the mornings on warm days. While on the subject of watering, last year several Sydney growers had trouble with new growths burning and looking unsightly and leaving black spots and rough surfaces on the new leaves; a few of my plants suffered, but some growers’ plants were badly affected. The trouble may be a fungus disease; it is caused by constant overhead watering, a bad circulation of air (plants too close together) and the early morning sun burning the young damp growths. Last year, you will recall, we had a very wet late spring and early summer, with the absence of wind; this was probably a contributing fac- tor to the trouble. To combat this trouble I would suggest more room between plants, less overhead watering (water the compost only, at times) and perhaps a little more shade on the eastern side of the house to reduce the early, morning sun’s rays. Aspect.—A north-easterly aspect seems to be the ideal in Sydney. Protect your plants from both the sudden cold south and t west winds. The north-east winds are moisture carrying and are not cold, Give your flowering size plants positions where they will receive the maximum hours of sunlight. The smaller plants can be moved to the more shady positions, as the seasons change plants may be moved to better positions for sunlight, but when the flower spikes appear point them towards the north at all times. Lightly cover your bush house with ti-tree or lattice as the full sun’s rays are too severe., Given good aspect and growing conditions the flowering yield should be at least 80 per cent. of mature plants each year. I have been able to maintain this year after year and have visited many collections where at least 80 per cent. of the plants carried flower spikes. I mention this in reply to a Melbourne writer who stated that the percentage of flowering is much greater in Melbourne under glass than in Syd- ney in the open. This critic is comparing good Melbourne growers with indifferent Sydney stowers. I will admit some Sydney collections are very large and the plants do not get enough individual attention, but given good treatment and plenty of sun hours the floral return should be high. Diseases.—In my last article I mentioned Causes and treatment for black rot, or rhizome rot. I am sure it is caused by decay germs en- tering the bulbs at the cut surfaces, When you divide a plant use clean tools, dip them in metho- lated spirits after each cut or better still steri- ise them over a flame and rub powdered sulphur ’ he hot drying © Page 9 on all cut surfaces while they are still moist. Virus or Mosaic Disease-—Some plants appear to have this in a mild form which does not affect the growth or flowering of the plant, but when Cymbidiums get it badly nothing can be done to save the plants. I would advise beginners to look carefully and see there is no flecking in the new growths of plants they are about to purchase. I have used the new D.D.T. sprays for scale » and other insect pests with success, and also removed all slaters and ants from near my plants. These sprays are a great help, but care must be exercised and directions followed care- fully. Another interesting phase of Cymbidium cul- ture is the growing of plants from seed; several growers have been interested in it for years in a small way, but soon large quantities of Aus- tralian seedlings will be flowered each year in Sydney; our climate ‘is most suitable and the time from sowing the seed is flasks to flowering should be reduced. An odd plant or two flowered last season in 3 years; this must surely be a re- cord. In 4 years many should flower and I ex- pect large quantities will flower in 5 years. I would advise growers to obtain a few small seedlings if possible; an unflowered plant is al- ways interesting. Some will be of poor quality, but there is always the possibility of flowering a champion. Show Flowers-—Under our judging stan- dards Form and Colour receive the largest allot- ment of points. If you wish to exhibit and hope for success your flowers must receive good points in these sections and to obtain good form and colour your plants must- not be forced either with extra heat or manures. Exhibitors of dahlias and chrysanthemums obtain remark- able results by disbudding and forcing their plants with manures, but you cannot get the same results with Orchids. My advice is to grow your plants under reasonable conditions, don’t overfeed them and bring your flowers out slowly. If you force with manures or heat or both you may gain a point for size but will cer- tainly lose several points for form and colour. In reviewing the last year’s flowers, I was pleased to notice larger numbers of quality flowers on the show benches and at the Society meetings; this indicates that we are improving our culture, which is all to the good. One Swal- low I recall flowered first over 5 years ago, but I never saw it better than at our last show; also that old favourite Ceres x F. J. Hanbury we seem to be growing better ever year; it was a fine colour this year. Page 10 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Phalaenopsis Amabilis var. Rosenstromii C. FREEMAN, @® The genus Phalaenopsis, consisting of over thirty known species and a large number of natural hybrids, extends from Burma, through Indonesia, down to Northern Australia, but the variety Rosenstromii is not so widely spread as most people believe. To my knowledge, it is found only on three or four small creeks in the Ingham district, North Queensland, and on the Daintree River, about 400 miles to the north where less than a dozen plants have, as far as is known, been collected. Rosenstromii are found growing well off the beaten track in almost inaccessible country, so there are few who are able to go hunting for them. It is just as well, as they are not in any place plentiful, so are left to propagate them- selves, although the orchid butterfly takes a toll of many. They grow in one of the fairly wet belts, the average rainfall being 200 inches a year, and at an altitude of from 300 to 2500 feet above sea level. Some are found in open forests growing on bloodwood (Eucalyptus corymbosa) and “dead finish” (Albizzia basal- tica) trees; others in higher scrubs, on the umbrella trees, Brassaia actinophylla, but I have not found any in the rain forest. They use various trees for hosts, but the trees must have a coarse bark to hold the necessary moisture. Some Rosenstromii are found growing on humus collected on the ground, evidently hay- ing been dislodged from the limbs of their host by a passing storm. Others are found growing on the damp lichen-covered rocks that face the waterfalls. Others again have been found grow- ing in mid-air suspended from their host by a root. Although these plants grow in various places they are seldom found more than 200 yards from the main watercourse which runs down the steep gorges draining a large horse- shoe-shaped mountain range. The northern tip of the range is two miles longer than the southern, and the width of the cpening would be about four miles, with the widest part of the horseshoe about fifteen miles. The gorges in the basin rise sharply to 3,000 feet in less than three miles. In winter and summer there is always a mois- ture-laden wind from seawards moving up the mountain side. In the summer time the northern trade wind carries with it moisture from the swamps between the coast and the range, while during the winter the south-easterly wind with its warm air also finds its way into the horse- Townsville, @. shoe-shaped basin. The steepness of the water- ways causes a series of waterfalls, with con- tinuous mist rising day and night, with the wind driving this moisture continually upwards. Attention must also be drawn to the cloud — bank on the hills. From September to March, this bank of clouds is always to be seen on the range and may last for several weeks, there- fore the hours of daylight might have a lot to do with the growth of Rosenstromii... In the gorges where they grow, even in mid-summer the most sunlight they could receive would be only about seven hours. Some observations that I have made are:—Plants growing in the open forest are always stunted and yellow of leaf, and I have never seen one of those with a flower or looking as though it had flowered. When growing in the higher altitudes they are strong and have a good root system. Those found on the rocks and in the humus on the ground are always the best, with long, well- shaped leaves, and sometimes with roots a yard or more in length. The very best grow on the rough, lichen-covered granite boulders facing waterfalls and when in these places seem to be in flower six months of the year. One such plant that I observed was seen in flower in October, and was still in flower in March the following year. On one particular creek Rosenstromii were found growing only on one side of the creek. This had me puzzled until I discovered that the side where none grew was the side where the sunlight did not strike until well after mid- day. On most of the creeks the hours of day- light have to be considered, for on several occasions we have camped half-way up the range and it was 10 a.m. before it was light encugh to search for Orchids. This fact should have an important bearing on their distribution. We will now deal with a method of cultivat- ing these plants, which has given me results as good as, or better than, those grown by nature. Take the Orchid and clip the roots, then select an earthenware pot with a slotted side or with a piece broken out of the side and place a small pad of polypodium peat on the bottom. On this place a few crocks of old weathered bones and put the roots of the plant through the slot or opening at the side. Next fill the pot to about one and half inches from the top with pure, wet, fresh cow manure. Place a pad of peat on the top to checke the growth of weeds always AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 found in fresh manure, and then place the pot- ted Orchid in a warm shaded place and give it plenty of water. These plants can take more water during the summer than most Orchids, and should be saturated from October until March. During the winter they should be kept fairly dry, and only watered sparingly in the Morning on bright sunny days. Care must also be taken that water does not lodge in the spaces where the leaves clasp the root stock, as this has a tendency to rot the leaves. During the summer months the plant should be lowered to about a foot from the ground, and the floor of the bush house should be kept reasonably damp. A spray twice a day will keep the leaves bright and firm and growing. I trust these few items are of interest and may help some growers who would like to cul- tivate the Rosenstromii variety of Phalaenopsis amabilis, Page II @ The Royal Society of N.S.W. Honours Prominent Orchidologist.—The Royal Society of New South Wales recently awarded the Clarke Memorial Medal to the Reverend H. M. R. Rupp, B.A., of Northbridge, N.S.W. The Clarke Medal is awarded periodically as a recognition of distinguished work in some field of natural science carried out in or on the Australian Commonwealth and its Territory. In this case the award was made for meri- torious service in connection with research work and identification of Australian Orchids. Orchid enthusiasts are very pleased that Mr. Rupp’s work should’ have been recognised in this way. The great amount of valuable work car- ried out consistently over many years, both in the field and the herbarium by him is well known and appreciated. Awards made by the Orchid Society of N.S.W. during 1948 Gold Medal: Cymbidium Girrahween var. Enid cco . Dr. K. Kirkland’ or a specially meritorious display of Miscellaneous , Orchids at the Spring Show, 1948 Award of Merit: Cattleya Sohma Varo lac 1a eS ASSO mmnnenmr tenia ents Hardyana x B/C Veitchii var. Noel .. yrpripedium Rosemary Whaiteman var Girrahween ” Smolensk yar Laelia Sasso... » Lady Emily var. Laelia Sasso ” Momag yar. Laelia Sasso Highly Commended: Cymbidium Swallow var. Soulangeama imum ”» Balkis yar. Luath wu ” Historian var. Linfield . » Goldcrest yar, Wondabah Cattleya L/C Tortole var. Verlie yee » _ B/C Piccadilly var. Verlie .. Cypripedium Shina Weve, WSS pee i Cameo yar. Girrahween a Euryostom var. Rex... Ondontioda Irma Leo Dendrobium Gatton Nuenerdh vere Wale 5 Award of Distinction: Cultural Certificate: Odontoglossum Grande ...... Oncidium Sphacelatum_ .. Special Awards: Mr. L. Sasso iomemercae NG, 1G, NERO Mr. N. Macdonald Mr. C. H. Deane =n Mr. L. Sasso . Mr. L. Sasso Mr. L. Sasso Mr. A. R. Begg .. Dr. Burstal . Mr. R. Dart Mr. A. R. Begg . Mr. L, Sasso » MR, Ih, SEO . L. Sasso Mr. C. H. Deane on INN Il, Besse Mr. W. Fahey fe Mr. L. Sasso is Mr. L. Sasso Mr. C. Cambourn Mr. C. Cambourn meee Comlete Sasso, . Mr. L. Sasso Cymbidium Hawfinch x Amberley. Certificate of Recognition of pioneering of hybridisation, and Bronze Medal for the first oi flowering of an outstanding improvement on the parent plants........... iver Medal for a meritorius display of Miscellaneou Orchids at the Winter Show, 8/7/48 . Messrs. A. B. Porter & C, Cambourn . Mr. L. Sasso Page 12 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 An Orchid Press and Herbarium WARREN ABELL, Durong, via Tingoor, @. @ Though an admirer and collector of native Orchids for some three years it was only twelve months ago that I began pressing specimens. This was chiefly due to the persistent advice of Rev. Rupp and Mr. A. W. Dockrill, who pointed out that pressed specimens, while lack- ing the natural colour mostly, were better than none. How true! My first efforts were not very successful and I decided to have a press made to obviate the use of heavy and bulky weights. As shown in the diagram, it consists of two steel frames and two sheets of masonite. The frames are of lin. by 3-1é6in. flat steel reinforced by 3-8in. square bars welded on top of one and bottom of the other. The frames are welded at the corners, the bottom one hay- ing a 3-8in. bolt welded in each corner and the top one having oversize holes to allow these bolts to pass through. The masonite sheets, the same size as the frames, 1Sin. x 10in., also are bored in the corners. Washers and wing nuts for the bolts complete the press. Once the press was used any doubts as to its efficiency vanished. The size, 1Sin. x 10in., allows for the use of foolscap size equipment since that is easiest to get. To press Orchids, I use thick cardboards, cheap white paper, and good quality fine white cardboard for mounting. Cut newspapers, folded to half their width which makes them approximately 9 inches wide, in 15in, lengths. Between the folded paper place the specimens held in position on the plain paper by strips of transparent gummed paper (NOT cellulose tape), cover with another sheet and close the newspaper. Place one thick card- board on the masonite sheet on the bottom frame, then the newspaper and specimens, then another piece of cardboard. The next lot of specimens can go on top, then another card- board and so on. Then the other masonite sheet and frame and screw down tight. The white paper is to keep the newsprint Continued on page 15 \“x Ve” stee\ AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Page 13 PERSONNEL Hon. Editor: ASSOCIATES: W. WORTH Victoria: Queensland: South Australia: Tasmania: 1 Ward St. R. VICK TREVOR E. HUNT M. HILL H. J. EXLEY Willoughby, N.S.W. 32 Northcote Av., 15) Challinor’ Se. 26 Blanche St. 5 Bedford St. Phone: XL3533 Balwyn, E.8 Gawler New Town Nine flowers and 1 bud. of polypodium fibre, deca charcoal and bone dust. and March, lasts 8 weeks, ning down the centre, petals Continued from page 7 Nothing is so uninteresting as a lot of leaves and bulbs, but if the newcomer can be shown only a few flowers at the time of his visit his enthusiasm and interest are maintained and he will then change to more varied and interesting subjects. Even if he has a few casualities on the way, it will enable him to get out of the rut and obtain new interest and ideas in our mutual hobby, Ipswich CYPRIPEDIUM SPICERIANUM Grown by James Bearup, Clayfield, Brisbane, in a mixture yed vegetation from garden rubbish, loam, sharp sand, Hardy and free-flowering in Brisbane, Colour, dorsal sepal white with distinct purple line run- light green shaded purple-brown, Flowers, February yellow and purple, pouch © Queensland Native Plants Protection Act of 1930.—In connection with protection of native Orchids under this Act, the public is advised that an Order in Council issued on January 13th, 1949, prohibits the removal of the following Orchids from all leasehold land in Queensland:— Dendrcbiums, superbiens, phalaenopsis, bigibbum and Page 14 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Cymbidiums, Pauwelsii and Ceres, in out-of-doors landscape at the garden of Les. Plowman, Vaucluse, N.S.W. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Page I5 LAELIA ANCEPS A highly colured vari flowered regularly in a N @ Put your problem down on paper, hand it to your local Orchid Society. Others with similar difficulties will appreciate the benefit to be re- ceived from the answer to your query. PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS, VAR. ROSENSTROMII Grown by G. A. Roberts, Hobart, Tasmania, in minimum temperature of 55° greenhouse. Photographed by A, Cruickshank. ety grown by W. Worth. For several years this plant : lightly covered bush-house at Willoughby, near Sydney. Ow growing in an unheated glass-house and doing equally well. Continued from page 12 from coming off on specimens. Always write name, date, place and collector on them. The newspaper is to absorb any juices and prevent absolute flatness of pressing, and the carboards prevent one specimen’s bulk from spoiling that above it. - With epiphytes of any bulk, a hammer judiciously used to reduce them to a semi-flat shape is necessary. Terrestrials with woody stems can be squashed with the blunt end of a pencil, This must be done to allow the juices to be absorbed by the paper, and reduce their size. While drying examine often to kill any in- sects which often hatch and destroy specimens. When dry, cut away the gummed paper, transfer specimens on to the plain white boards which should have a protecting cover of white Paper and print in the details shown on the pressing sheets, with the name of the specimen ¢. and author at the bottom, where the cover does not quite reach. Then enclose these boards in foolscap folders with the name of the genus in large letters and the species included in the folder (suually about 6 or 8 will fill a folder) in small letters after. The result is a neat, indexed herbarium. Page 16 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 From the Editor’s Mail Bag Enclosed find draft to cover my subscription to the Australian Orchid Review. 1 do not want to get in arrears as I enjoy the Review very much. In fact read it from cover to cover. I especially enjoy the colour plates at it is difficult for me to visualise from. the description or from a black and white plate. For example, in one of your copies you had a coloured plate of Dendrobium Tofftii. I shall never be satisfied ‘until I possess one of these plants. Some day I will be going to Australia to at- tend one of your meetings and to see some of your beautiful Dendrobiums and wonderful Cymbidiums. I take an active part in both the California and the Peninsula Societies and extend to mem- bers of your Societies, a cordial invitation to attend our meetings. Both Societies meet once a month. If you will advise me when any of your members come to the U.S.A. I will be glad to meet them and show them what we are accomplishing in the growing of Orchids. Thanking you for attending to the matter of my subscription, I am, Wm. GROSS. 1275 Woodland Ave., Palo Alto, California, U.S.A. Hon. Editor.—Readers who are visiting the U.S.A. will assuredly contact Mr. Gross and accept his kind offer. This letter also affords me the opportunity to say that overseas subscriptions of ten shillings sterling per annum should be sent to Shepherd and Newman, Yurong St., Sydney, N.S.W., and not to the Hon. Editor. @ Dear Sir.—In the December issue of the Aust. Orchid Review an illustration appeared of the Queensland Dend. Phalaenopsis. Last year I obtained several of these plants and also Dend. Tofftii and several other varieties, but although they were nice healthy plants I can’t do any god with them. I keep them in a heated glasshouse during the winter and in the sum- mer keep a fairly high humidity. Some of them have thrown aerial growths, but none has made any new growth from the base. I think if you could get some of your Queensland readers to write an article in the Azstralian Orchid Re- view giying full particulars of the period of rest (if any) it may help me and other of your readers who may be having similar trouble if we knew just what months they were to be kept dry and the amount of moisture required when growing. I have them in polypodium fibre and charcoal. I would also like to know the address of the publishers of the English Orchid Review if you could furnish me with same. My only complaint with the Aust. Orchid Review is that it is not a monthy publication, otherwise it is excellent. Dr. H. HISCOX. Box 118, Redcliff, Victoria. [The address of the English Orchid Review is 33 John Street, London, W.C.1. England. This grower’s experience is typical of that of almost all growers in the Southern States. Experience has proved that there are few orchids so difficult to grow as those from North Queensland and New Guinea. We have received letters from all States telling of non- success and many losses. The fault does not lie with the plants or the supplier, but is the result of growers, mostly novices, purchasing varieties of which they have little or no knowledge. To prevent this loss the Orchid Society or some reliable local authority should be consulted as to their suitability before any orchids are purchased from places with dif- ferent climatic cnditions such as rainfall and tempera- ture. Perhaps someone who has been successful with these orchids will supply the cultural article as requested. —Hon. Editor.] PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED ® Orchids.—A booklet issued by the Orchid Growers’ Association of England to stimulate the Public’s interest and enlighten them in the culture of Orchids. The introduction states that the hobby of Orchid growing need not be an expensive one, and that cultural methods are not more diffi- cult than those used for many other exotic plants. Naturally the publication is devoted to glass- house culture. Chapters are devoted to: ‘‘Where do yaluable Orchids come from?” ‘The best known genera.” ‘Hints on buying.” “Hints for Beginners.” ‘“Temperatures.”’ “Shading.” ‘“Damp- ing.” “Watering.” “Resting.” “Potting mate- rials.” ‘‘Orchid pests.” Our copy from Mr. Peter Black, of Black & Flory, Slough, England. @ Last October Mr. D. R. Symons, of Mascot, N.S.W., potted a back-bulb of cymbidium x Armynell in the usual compost. It had neither roots nor leaves. Within a few weeks of potting the bulb a growth appeared. This growth has turned out to be a flower spike. The grower considers this to be unusual and asks if others have had a similar experience. . ————S eee AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Notes for Novices ® So much has now been written in the A.O.R. about the growing of Orchids in general and concerning individual genera by growers of considerable experience and success that there is little of detailed cultural advice remaining to be furnished, Further, the A.O.R. is growing lar- ger and, I consider, better and will naturally con- tinue to present the cultural ideas and practices of various growers from which novices may choose those best suited to their particular con- ditions. Again I would like to stress that be- cause Mr. X does this and Mr. Y does that it does not necessarily follow that a particular practice as detailed will suit your conditions. The basic principles will be sound but the de- tails might require modification. I am referring mainly to those with glasshouses, heated or otherwise and with varied collections. The majority of Sydney growers limit their collec- tions to Cymbidiums about which so much has been said and written that it would be super- fluous for me to dilate in regard to their general culture. However, in common with most Orchids they prefer a humid atmosphere during the growing period. So I would suggest that the ground under the benches or whatever structure it is in which they are grown be kept continually moist either by a covering of tan bark, cinders or other moisture-retaining mat- erial. If those be not available keep the surface of the ground open. If the surface be allowed to become hard or caked, water will run off it and it will remain dry, whereas a broken sur- face will retain moisture. If moss or such like could be induced to grow so much the better. It might be objected that mosses would en- courage slugs and snails. That is quite possible, but the defender type of bait is very effective and would keep those pests in check. The moss could be removed in winter if so desired. Dendrobiums.—I should have thought that Post-war conditions would have resulted in a big increase in the Dendrobium population. Possibly there are now many plants about, but if so I am not aware of them and the exhibits at the shows have been disappointingly few and small. There have certainly been a few small plants of the new hybrids, but the plants of earlier days with their hundreds of bright- coloured flowers are missing. Why is it? A well-grown specimen of Den. nobile with some hundreds of blooms is, from an aesthetic angle, much more beautiful than a Cymbidium. Of Course, opinions may differ, but I think that Page 17! eee many of the present growers of Orchids have not seen such specimens as used to be shown by Judge Markell and some of the older mem- bers of the Orchid Society of N.S.W. They are easy to grow and flower and do well under bush house treatment in and around Sydney, but I believe best results are obtained by grow- ing them in a glasshouse in spring and summer where the warmth and humidity would induce early and rapid growth and then in April moy- ing them into the bush house where an abun- dance of light and air would assist the pro- duction of flower buds. Water during the late autumn and winter should be just sufficient, to prevent undue shrivelling. Frequent water- ing during that period may result in many aerial growths instead of flower buds. At the time of writing these notes I have in flower Den. infundibulum and its variety Jamesianum. The snow-white flowers with yellowish patch in the labellum are, nearly as large as a small Cattleya and have been out now for eight weeks: and are still fresh. To my mind Den. War- dianum is more beautiful even that most hyb- rids. It is essentially a bush house subject, is. deciduous and flowers on the new growths. Cattleyas.—The treatment I gave my Cattleyas during the last winter resulted from’ a factor which I had forgotten during the pre- vious winter. Then I brought several plants’ into a glassed-in verandah thinking they might winter better there than in the unheated glass- house. But I forgot that frost will penetrate glass up to 18 inches until I noticed one morn- ing that the moisture which had condensed on the windows had frozen and some Cattleya leaves blackened. Those in the glasshouse were not affected. Last winter I suspected would be severe and it was, with nearly two months of almost continual frosts. I built a frame out of heavy timber nine feet long, about four feet wide and four feet high with a glass lid. On ‘the floor three inches of cinders to conserve moisure. Each afternoon about 4 o’clock I placed on the floor in the middle of the frame a lighted hurricane lamp, closed the lid and placed over it some heavy sacking. Each morn-. ing when the ground outside was white with frost, inside the frame the temperature varied from 52 to 60 degrees Fah. One filling of kerosene would keep the lamp going about 18 hours. As a result my Cattleyas, which made a very late start owing to the complete absence. of summer, were enabled to complete their Page 18 growths and produced some fine flowers. I showed several of them at the October meet- ing of the Orchid Society of N.S.W. This idea may be of use to those who wish to try out a few Cattleyas but are dubious about doing so without a heated house. I still maintain, how- ever, that in and around Sydney Cattleyas can be grown successfully without artificial heat. When living in Sydney my Cattleyas grew and flowered well and regularly without artificial heat. Manuring.—I would again refer growers to the notes on the ‘Feeding of Orchids” in the March, 1947, issue of the A.O.R. I have used the formula detailed in those notes and found it most effective. For novices with small col- lections a simple method is to make sufficient solution to fill a four gallon drum. Have a small bucket close by with an upturned pot in it. Dip a plant and then stand it on the pot to drain while the next plant is being dipped. The liquid which drains into the bucket may after- wards be returned to the drum and used over again. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 i In an interesting letter I received from 4 correspondent in New Zealand the writer com- mented on my notes in the September issue of the A.O.R. concerning the flowering of Cym- bidiums and suggested that the late start into growth and the almost entire absence of sun- shine might adversely affect the flowering this year. It will be interesting to note the result. © As a matter of fact many of my trees and shrubs which flower in the spring had practic- i ally no flowers at all this spring. Among the — Orchids Den. falcorostrum and Den. speciosum _ Even our lovely had no flowers whatsoever. native Christmas bush and Christmas Bells did not flower. @ Questions and Suggestions. —The Com- — mittee of the Orchid Society of N.S.W. has re- introduced a box for questions and suggestions — at the Monthly Meetings of the Society. Members are invited to make good use of it. — Questions submitted will be answered at the — following meeting. The Orchid Society of W.A. @ This society, formed by a few enthusiasts a couple of years ago, is as yet scarcely out of the swaddling-clothes stage. However, it has successfuily weathered initial difficulties and now appears to be firmly established. At the annual meeting in November, the secretary re- ported a financial membership of 45, and the number is steadily increasing. Attendances at monthly meetings range around 30 or better. Some of the more knowledgeable members, during their early efforts, found that, as local conditions differ from those of the Eastern States, a certain amount of pioneering work was necessary to determine suitable cultural methods and that to arrive at those methods in- volved resort to the process of trial and error. While this proved costly for the pioneers, it has undoubtedly enhanced the appeal the society can make, for, at its mothnly meetings, thanks to the good offices of the experimentalists, mem- bers have an opportunity to learn the best that experience has revealed. An active committee has been appointed whose duty it is to deal with the bulk of the routine business and make recommendations to the general meeting. Under this arrangement, the time occupied by general business at the monthly meetings has been reduced to about half an hour, leaving the rest of the evening available for talks on Orchid culture and for practical demonstrations of plant division, pot- ting, etc. The system is working well and young growers are put on the right track from the outset. Another popular feature of our meetings is that members tabling exhibits are called upon to give a brief description of their blooms, ex- plain their cultural methods, and answer any questions. A request has been made to members to jot down queries as they arise whilst work- ing in the greenhouse and hand them in to be answered at the ensuing meeting. It is hoped that this will develop into another useful aid, particularly to beginners. @ The Western Australia Orchid Society has appointed Mr. J. S. Bridgman, of 49 St. Leonards Ave., West Leederville, Western Australia, to act as Publicity Officer and to supply notes to the A. O. Review. We are glad to welcome our friends from the far side of the Continent and assure them that space will be available to them and that we not only wish this new society the success that the societies on the East Coast enjoy but will help them where ever possible to do so. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Page 19 D.D.T. for Spraying Orchid Plants JOHN C. DAVIS, Hon. Sec., Orchid Society of N.S.W. @ Having had my share of troubles during the separate container, an excellent plan is to recent flowering season with the depredations of various insect pests, I began asking questions about the use and efficacy of D.D.T. as a spray- ing medium for Orchids. During the course of conversation with my friends, it was sugges- ted I should write to Mr. Hermon Slade, an Orchid grower of many years’ experience, and a manufacturing chemist to boot. This appeared a very sound suggestion, so I promptly directed a number of questions to Mr. Slade. This gentle- man very courteously and promptly answered my questions and his reply is attached hereto: — Mr. Slade’s Letter “Iam very pleased to have received your let- ter of the 28th October, regarding the use of D.D.T. for spraying of Orchid plants. “I have been interested in the use of D.D.T. as a plant spray for a considerable time, and other than on Curcubits such as melons, and legumes particularly French beans, I have not noticed any deleterious effects. In general, D.D.T. appears to be a highly useful insecticide as It not oniy results in good initial kill of many, but not all insects, but to a large extent it ren- ders plants immune from further attack for a considerable time. This is particularly notice- able in cabbages and related plants, for if they are sprayed when they are about quarter-grown, espite almost daily visitation from cabbage butterfly the plant seems to retain immunity. This is probably due to the cabbage butterfly lava being highly sensitive to D.D.T. “As far as Orchids are concerned, I have not noticed any ill effects, and have on the other hand noticed that some very troublesome pests such as Orchid scale in several forms, thrip, and in fact most pests that attack Orchids, seem to be readily held in check by D.D.T. “Regarding the form and strength of the material, I think that the best advice to give you 1s to suggest that you buy and used Taub- man’s “Rucide” or Lane’s “Wellspray Emul- sion.” Normally I make up my own D.D.T. spray, but it is a technical operation and raw materials are not always readily available. Taub- mans and Lanes make good products and. sell at reasonable prices. “As far as tender seedlings are concerned, [I ave not noticed any deleterious effect on them, but suggest that D.D.T. be used with reason- ane caution. Where seedlings are kept in a thoroughly spray all the walls of the container with a good strong spray, allow to thoroughly _dry to render the D\D.T. insoluble and there- fore permanent, and afterwards replace the seedlings. Any insect pests to gain progress to the seedlings would then have to pass over a film of D.D.T. which would result in most of them being killed. “JT have not noticed any toxic effects from continued use of D.D.T. on mature plants, and normally find that once every two or three months is sufficient to keep most insect pests down. For instance, Cypripediums and Miltonias, both of which are very susceptible to attack from thrip, when sprayed as suggested show no sign of thrip attack and do ‘not seem to suffer ill effects from the D.D.T. Again, re- garding the spray dripping on composts, I have not noticed any deleterious results, but suggest that the amount allowed to get into the com- post be kept to as low a figure as practicable for safety’s sake. “Theré is one very important caution to be observed when using D.D.T. sprays on Orchids and other plants..Envisage spraying a cabbage, you will realise the importance of having a wet- ting or spreading agent incorporated with D.D.T., because this prevents the little drops from running off the cabbage like ‘water off a duck’s back,’ in the literal sense. Thus a wet- ting agent is added so that the water wets the leaves. Now it is extremely important to use only the barest minimum of wetting agent to achieve this result, otherwise the water will not only wet the leaves, but will penetrate the stomata or breathing pores and may kill the plant by drowning. This is particularly notice- able when spraying the sheathing young shoots of plicate leaved plants such as Lycastes, and great care must be exercised when D.D.T. is used on young growths. I think, apart from obvious precautions of keeping the amount of Wetting agent to the minimum required to wet the leaves, it is a good idea to first of all spray the plants which have young growths, such as young Cymbidium growths or Lycastes, with pure water so as to fill up the space which is so sensitive. If then, a light spraying of D.D.T. is given, the concentration that falls into the growing shoot is reduced and conse- quently danger of damage by so-called burning will be lessened.” Page 20 Orehids — When and How to wear them @ There is little need for me to tell readers that the glamourous Orchid usually finds its way on to a feminine shoulder. It is a great joy to know that these days we haye such an enormous variety of Cymbidium Orchids to choose from; it has all happened so quickly, only a few years ago we had to make up our mind whether it would be a rather dreary green or an even drearier brown corsage —to-day, we have the beautiful pastels—pinks, cyclamens, palest ice greens, yellows, through to the richest golden ones, and so on. Much thought should be given to the size of the corsage, the colour and the shape. Corsage making in Australia has taken great strides in latter years, in fact one can safely say it com- pares with any country in the world. Great imagination can be shown by the clever florist, in the use of ribbon, cellophane, rare leaves, etc., the correct type of corsage for the time of day, the type of party, the frock, and most impor- tant of all, the wearer herself whether brunette, blonde or silver head. I have always felt the greatest harm we can do to an Orchid is to wear too many, too often! For example, a well-tailored suit with an enor- mous corsage of six or eight Orchids, and you feel you never want to see one again, but a single Orchid or two cleverly placed on a lapel, and you cannot get to your florist quickly enough before your next luncheon party to do likewise; and then for the 6°p.m. to midnight session we can really let our heads go in so many different ways. Don’t always wear them on your shoulder—make a change. The most important points in having your corsage “‘made up” are—see it is light in weight, and that the wires are nicely covered with cel- lophane, so as not to mark your very best dress after one wear. Now let us touch on the luscious and truly lovely Cattleya Orchid; they are much more fragile and therefore not so practical to be worn on all occasions, but so exciting for special parties, balls and weddings. It is a great pleausre to know that even the smallest pay envelope can afford an Orchid corsage to-day, and you go to your party with your oldest or newest party dress looking more glamourous, yourself feeling happy and confi- dent, all thanks to those who have spent so many years in improving the culture of Orchids. BETTY H. OSBORNE. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 FOR CONTINUOUS HEATING Heremitea safe, steady, easily regulated glass house heating system that requires a minimum of attention. Easy to instal, inexpensive to run, the Ideal Hot Water Heating System has all the practical features needed by Orchid growers. The Ideal is a coke-burning boiler which burns all night without attention. There are no fumes . nothing but pure warm air can reach your plants. Write, ‘phone or call for quotes and full particulars. or gases... MEST BOILERS SWANS LTD. Phone M4301 406-412 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY Branches at Hurstville and Parramatta AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 . Page 21 kK. S&S. WALKER AND ASSOCIATES Announce A NEW SERVICE TO ORCHID COLLECTORS We import regularly hybrids and a few of the choicer species in the following genera CATTLEYA AND BI- AND TRI-GENERIC HYBRIDS CYMBIDIUM CYPRIPEDIUM DENDROBIUM VANDA ONCIDIUM _ MILTONIA ODONTOGLOSSUM ODONTIODA ODONTONIA ZYGOPETALUM ETC. Write now, giving full name, address, and class of plants in which you are interested. You will then be placed on our MAILING LIST, and will receive full particulars of our offers at regular intervals, commencing late in March, FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE we have arranged for a grower in each State to carry a repre- sentative stock of current offerings. You can thus see the grade of plant that you are buying, and book your order on the spot. A list of these addresses is given below. K. S. WALKER AND ASSOCIATES HEAD OFFICE: 45 MOUNTAIN VIEW RD., NORTH BALWYN, VICTORIA Telephone: WL3344 INTERSTATE AGENCIES AND DEPOTS— QUEENSLAND: Mr. Trevor Hunt, 15 Challinor St., Ipswich. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Mr. R. L. Smith, 17 Tavistock St., Adelaide. TASMANIA: (under negotiation—enquire Head Office). NEW SOUTH WALES: Mr. A. Royce, Aqua Flora Park, San Souci. WEST AUSTRALIA: Miss Sylvia Baker, 828 Beaufort St., Maylands. a Ba a ee TE ee he WHOLESALERS.—We are prepared to buy high quality even lines of popular orchids (no cheap species). Please give full particulars and nett wholesale price per hundred or per dozen, according to your supply. Page 22 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 BLACK & FLORY Ltd. SLOUGH, BUCKS., ENGLAND SSO Are now happy to announce that their stock is now recovered from the hardships imposed upon it during the War years. No catalogue is being published just yet, but prospective pur- chasers are respectfully requested to state in what genera they are interested and approximately the number of plants desired to be sent. Great Easter Show SANDERS « SANDERS Memory of LOUIS SANDER from 14th to 24th APRIL, 1949 1000 FLOWERING ORCHIDS! To be held at our BRUGES’ (BELGIUM) NURSERIES We shall be pleased to make all necessary reservations for you SANDERS (ST. ALBANS) LTD., ST. ALBANS, HERTS., ENGLAND AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 ‘orchids a ee, We are the original pioneers and largest consignors of cymbidium blooms to the United States. Our system of packing, merchandising and consigning is recognised im the United States as the best. We collect regularly throughout the season. RELIABILITY, SERVICE AND SATISFACTION. WE PAY CASH e¢ CONTACT US EARLY. x J. MITCHELL i72 HARROW ROAD, KOGARAH, N.S.W. telephone LwWws3s5o0e2 Page 23 Page 24 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 — Orchids The SYDNEY A. SHEAD NURSERIES 61 HOMER STREET | UNDERCLIFFE N.S.W. Messrs. Shepherd & Newman Pty. Ltd., printers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review," now have our catalogue in hand. The main items featured in this catalogue will be:— 1. A list of all award winning Cymbidiums, Cattleyas and Cypri- pediums, with prices, and a description of each flower. 2. Six coloured photographs, and twelve black and white photo- graphs of the Cypripediums, Cattleyas and Cymbidiums con- sidered by the Orchid Society's judges to be the "Champions of Australia.” 3. Articles, by our best growers in each State, giving expert advice on the best and easiest way to grow orchids. 4. Photographs, and articles, relating to 15,000 seedlings offered for sale, with full particulars regarding size and prices. Our Nurseries are now open from 9 a.m. to 3 ‘p.m. (Monday to Friday). Week-ends by appointment. Ring MA7924 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Page 25 To: Orchid Societies and Cymbidium Growers in America The Nurseries of Sydney A. Shead, of Sydney, Australia, offer Cymbidium growers in America, South Africa, New Zealand and Europe a new avenue for the purchase of the finest varieties of modern cymbidiums which include plants that have gained Awards of Distinction and won Championships, and Grand Championships Over a period of recent years. A catalogue is being prepared, and will be for- warded on request as soon as completed, covering a collection of some 20,000 plants, including 500 abso- lutely new varieties to you. These are considered by good judges and overseas visitors to be equal to the world’s best and will be offered at prices which con- stitute the best possible value. A description of each flower of the 500 will be included in the Catalogue. This catalogue is being produced as the result of numerous enquiries from Mr. Shead’s many American connections, with whom he has maintained business relations for many years. ¥ Correspondence is invited, and should be addressed to “Sheads Nurseries,” 61 Homer Street, Under- cliffe, Sydney, N.S.W. All enquiries will be answered promptly, and cata- logues mailed post free, together with the fullest in- formation regarding special varieties, prices, etc. The catalogue includes a list of Westonbirt varieties with prices within the reach of small growers. Good quality orchids including colour Hybrids in the most attractive shades are available at very reason- able rates with special concessions to nurseries and florists. : Sheads Nurseries. Page 26 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 HODGINS ORCHIDS P.O. Box 108 FRANKSTON (Vic.) Offer Genuine quality Cymbidium Hybrids to the beginner. Write for our Beginner's List. Lists also available for the advanced grower. QUALITY IN ORCHIDS CYMBIDIUMS (hybrids) Fine Range Available Inspection Invited on any day by arrangement L. H. NEWMAN 80 Provincial Road, Lindfield Tel. JX2803 HYBRID CATTLEYA PLANTS From 10/6 Easy Culture. Details MARK REYNOLDS 2 Oswald Street, Cremorne, N.S.W. XM2198 NOTICE TO GROWERS If you have Orchid plants and bulbs to dispose of by way of sale or exchange, we cordially extend to you the classified advertising facilities provided for your convenience in the Australian Orchid Review, at a minimum of 5/- for two lines and 1/- per line afterwards. All enquiries should be addressed to the publishers: SHEPHERD & NEWMAN PTY. LTD. YURONG ST., SYDNEY ORCHIDS Regular consignments arriving by air from all parts of the world. Importa- tions include Dendrobiums, Coelogne, Aerides, Vandas, Arachnis, Cyps, Sphat- toglottis, Cattleya, Laelias, Epiden- drums, Phaius, and many others. Specialist in Australian Native Species Place your name on my regular mailing list for better Orchids at reasonable prices. H. HOHNKE PRINCESS ST., PETRIE.TERRACE, BRISBANE, 9. P.O. Box 193C. Phone: B8062 KNUDSON’S AGAR and ; TOMATO JUICE AGAR TEST TUBES OR FLASKS. Other Media to your own Prescription. Prices, etc., on request W. H. BLACK 185 OXFORD ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W. Tel. FA7462 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 ———— Announcement THAI ORCHIDS Vanda coerulea 4 Denisonian = Miss Agnes Joaquim 1 Hookeriana hy teres, etc. Prices on application NARONG & SONS Rosa House, 74, Pramote 1 Lane, Bangkok, Thailand. Cable Ad Bangkok" Suravongs Rd., dress: “ROSA, ORCHIDS Special Post Free Collection Offers 12 COELOGYNES, 6 sorts 12 DENDROBIUMS, 12 sorts . 12 CYMBIDIUMS, & sorts. 12 CYPRIPEDIUMS, 4 sorts 75/- , 0 grand and lovely flowering Orchids mos¢ suitable for Amateurs, £6/10/-, or by Air shipment £19, Cash, please, with order Get our New Descriptive Catalogue by gir, enclose four shillings in stamps for Postage. L. B. PRADHAN & SONS PAKYONG, SIKKIM, INDIA {By Appointment to the Sikkim Govt.). SS ee Notice to Advertisers vente to ‘Advertisers All en qUuiries as to Advertising space should be addressed to the publishers: AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW SHEPHERD & NEWMAN PTY. LTD. YURONG STREET, SYDNEY Page 27 A Limited Number only left FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKSELLERS | A Cultural Table of Orchidaceous Plants by J. MURRAY COX Illustrated in Colour. 400 pages. No book of this description has been produced since 1932. It is long overdue. The Table is comprehensive, embracing most genera and species known in a world-wide range of Orchids. Orchids are described and inform- ation given as to origin, natural conditions and the most successful method of cultivation. There is a complete index which includes the correct botanical nomenclature as well as synonyms, so that, where Orchids are known by their popularly used names, they can be easily traced and referred to in the text. In addition, there is a useful glossary of botanical terms. The Table, in fact, might aply be regarded as an encyclopaedia of orchids which should be in the library of every Orchid lover. Price per copy: 4 guineas. Published by THE SHEPHERD PRESS YURONG STREET, SYDNEY N.S.W., AUSTRALIA Page 28 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 Orchids = Orehids = Orchids We have a fine collection of all varieties of Orchids, including Cymbidiums, Dendrobiums, and many other Anthuriums, etc. miscellaneous and glasshouse plants, Inspection cordially invited any day (Sundays excepted) JOHN BISSET Nursery: 48 Wareemba St., Abbotsford. WA1124. Private: 8 Brisbane Ave., Lindfield. JA8906 ORCHID BOOKS, ETC. Write for our catalogues of new and second-hand books on Orchids, gardening and other botanical subjects. Pre- sent stocks include—VICTORIAN ORCHIDS (Dickens) 3/9, post 3d. A CULTURAL TABLE OF ORCHIDAC- EOUS PLANTS (Murray Cox), col. & b/w. plates, £4/4/-, post 1/-. ORCHIDS FOR AMATEURS (Briscoe) illus. 13/9, post 4d. ORCHIDS FOR EVERYBODY (Hogg) illust. £1/5/-, post 6d. CHARM OF GROW- ING ORCHIDS (Gilbert) illust., £1-1/-, post 6d. ORCHIDS FOR THE OUTDOOR GARDEN (Darnell), b/w plates, £3/17/-, post 1/-. Orders now being booked for BRITISH WILD ORCHIDS (Jocelyn Brooke). A comprehensive survey of all known British varieties of orchidaceous plants. With illust. in 7 colours. Approx. price, £8/5/-. Also books on Natural History, Early Aust., Art, Collecting, etc. N. H. SEWARD PTY. LTD. 457c BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE MALAYAN ORCHIDS & EXOTIC Vanda Miss Joaquim, V. Cooperii, V. Marguerite Maron, Renanthera Coccinea, R. Storiei, Arachnis Alba, Maingayi, A. Moschifera, etc., available. Price List sent out free on application. Also exporters of Malayan Orchid Flowers to Sydney per 2Ib. crate, including freight £4 prepaid. Holders of testimonials from Queen of Holland 1938, and Director of Kew Gardens 1939. THE GEM NURSERY 172, MOULMEIN ROAD, SINGAPORE Cable: “Gemnur" Phone: 7542 ORCHID LOVERS Ask for our TRADE PRICE LIST OF ORCHIDS, BULBS & LILIUMS. Quality goods, Lowest price, Good discount. Our best collection offer of 50 ORCHIDS for Beginners, £6, including packings and postage with Cultural Hints free. BHUWANI NURSERY PAKYONG, SIKKIM, N. INDIA Agents for the “Australian Orchid Review” in Great Britain Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown Limited, New Ruskin House, 28-30 Little Russell Street, LONDON, W.C.1, are carrying stocks of current and back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Readers in Great Britain should communicate with them regarding their supplies. ORCHIDS 12 sorts Dendrobiums ... 12 Cymbidiums in 6 sor! 12 Cypripediums in 4 sorts . 12 Vandas in 4 sorts ..... 12 Phaius in 4 sorts .. re: 36 Showy Orchids wetay All Packing and Postage free Wholesale list on request. G. R. GOPAJU PAKYONG, SIKKIM, INDIA ORCHID CYMBIDIUM BOOKLET “Helpful Knowledge for the Beginner’? Written by A. E. BROWN 47 Union St., Kogarah, N.S.W. Send a copy to your friends for Xmas. Send addres sand I will forward. Price, 1/6 Before you purchase any Cymbidium Orchid plants, read this booklet well, especially beginners. It should help you and save you oash. Back Bulbs with roots and shoots a speciality, 5/- each. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 The Orchid Society of N.S.W. Meets every Month: Y.W.C.A., Liverpool St. Opposite Anzac Memorial, Sydney MONDAY, MARCH 28 MONDAY, APRIL 25 MONDAY, MAY 30 Patron: President: Hon. Secretary: His Honour A. R. BEGG J. C. DAVIS JUDGE H. F. MARKELL 59 Drumalbyn Road 16 Jarrett St. “Kooyong,” Hastings Road BELLEVUE HILL CAMPSIE WARRAWEE, N.S.W. Phone: FM6034 Hon. Treasurer: Hon. Editor: F. WHITE W. WORTH 316 Parramatta Road 4 Ward Street BURWOOD WILLOUGHBY, N.S.W. Phone: UJ4026 Phone: XL3533 The Queensland Orchid Society Patron: E. J. BEARD, Esq., 207 Cavendish Rd., Coorparoo, SE2 President: Hon. Secretary: Hon. Treasurer: C. T. WHITE J. P. McPHEE 225 Main Street T. C. HARVEYSON Carmody Rd. Kangaroo Pr. G.P.O. Box 2002 X St. Lucia, $.W.1 BRISBANE BRISBANE BRISBANE The dates of the next meetings of the Society are as follow:— FRIDAY, MARCH 11 FRIDAY, APRIL 8 FRIDAY, MAY 13 Meeting Place: Miniature Rifle Range Building, Boundary Street, Brisbane. Meetings held on the Second Friday of each mon th. Visitors are welcome. The Victorian Orchid Club Meets on the third Monda y in each month (January excepted), in the Indepen- dent Church Hall, Collin: s Street, Melbourne, at 8 p.m. Prospective members welcome. The dates of the next meetings of the Club are as follow: MONDAY, MARCH 21 MONDAY, APRIL 18 MONDAY, MAY 16 President: Hon. Secretary: G. E. FLOYD 25 Grandview Road BRIGHTON, S.5. "Phone, XB4996 nwick, S.4. The Orehid Club of South Australia Meets on 2nd Monday each month in the Builders and Contractors Bldg., 17 Waymouth St., Adelaide. Visitors are welcome. MONDAY, MARCH 14 MONDAY, APRIL 11 MONDAY, MAY 9 Vice-President: R. VICK T. W. CAMERON 32 Northcote Ave., 430 Bourke Street BALWYN, E.8. MELBOURNE ’Phone WF2365 MU4377 Hon. Treasurer: A. C. DREDGE, 169 Cochrane Street, Elster Patron: President: Hon Secretary-Treasurer: Dr. M. E. CHINNER R. L. SMITH, The Premier, Hon. T. PLAYFORD 16eOlivelGrove 17 Tavistock St., Norton Summit. HAZELWOOD PARK ADELAIDE. Wholly set up, printed and published in UE by Shepherd & Newman Pt y. Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney Worth, Hon. Editor. : AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1949 C.. Bow Bells is a botanical phenomenon among orchid plants. All plants grown from this one seed pod are strikingly similar in having all of the superior qualities desired in orchids. Unfortunately, the original Suzanne Hye parent has been lost and it has not been possible to repeat the cross. The plant itself is noted for its vigour and consequently is less difficult than most plants to grow. The flowers have all of the desirable qualities of a fine orchid. The wide petals and sepals have good form and carriage and the large wide lip has a ruffled edge. The flowers are large, having heavy texture, and the throat is beautifully coloured with yellow. As an example of similarity, we exhibited two plants of C. Bow Bells at the American Orchid Society meeting held at Miami, Fla., this year and each plant was awarded an F.C.C. This is a very rare occurrence. Cattleya Bow Bells (C. Edithiae White Empress, F.C.C. x C. Suzanne Hye) A possible explanation of this phenomenon of size and vigor is tetraploidy, a condition in which each plant cell contains double the normal chromosome compliment. Although tetraploidy in individual plants is a frequent occurrence, the possibility of the new condition existing in all brother and sister plants of a cross, as in C. Bow Bells, is extremely remote. C. Bow Bells normally blooms in the late fall and early winter. We have a large block of these plants to work with and have used them extensively in breeding to obtain these desirable characteristics in hybrids that will bloom at other seasons. We are currently offering the following crosses for sale in community pots—minimum order 10 plants of a cross: PRICE No. CROSS PER PLANT R-699 CC. Bow Bells x C. Mossiae Wagneri - - - - - 0/15/8 Season—Winter R-708 CC. Bow Bells x C. Celia, var. Rivermont - - - - - 0/12/6 Season—Fall R-826 CC. Bow Bells x C. Snow Song ee ee - - - - 0/12/6 Season—Fall If you are not already on our mailing list, write us and we will send our complete offerings. We shall be glad to recommend you for membership in the American Orchid Society. The mem- bership fee is £1/5/- annually and includes 12 issues of the Societys bulletin, a monthly magazine devoted to the Orchid cult. CLINT McDADE AND SONS RIVERMONT ORCHIDS SIGNAL MOUNTAIN TENNESSEE (a suburb of Chattanooga) a Ir ot eee ee ee ee eee eee eee Re EEE SSeS _ eth Ee ee a 1949 6 nih ore No. 2 ss YictTo Published Quarterly 14 Wit ol. ° JUNE ISSUE V Mill HULL Wve NAAN \Y \Y NSS Yj za ““tterrrerppy puppy VICTORIAN ORCHID CLUB, AND THE ORCHID CLUB OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. ; NS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES (INCORPOR. ATING THE NEWCASTLE ORCHID CIRCLE), THE QUEENSLAND ORCHID SOCIETY, THE o YUttle “ddd WN AAS ter. AAS es ae Page ii AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 ee a ee oto ot eeu ss | -~ ORCHIDS of Quality c. i. DEANE Girrahween Nurseries 190 WOLLONGONG RD., ARNCLIFFE SYDNEY, N.S.W. - TEL. {LX 1106 A Book for all Animal and Bird Lovers Bush Animals of Australia By AXEL POIGNANT With Notes on Birds and Reptiles by J. R. Kinghorn, C.M.Z.S., and on Furred Animals by Ellis Troughton, C.M.Z.S., F.R.Z.S. Containing 40 pages, each 141 x 94 inches, of magnificent Original Photographs of the Animals of Australia. Price 8/6, including strong envelope for mailing overseas OBTAINABLE FROM ALL LEADING BOOKSELLERS OR FROM THE SHEPHERD PRESS, YURONG STREET, SYDNEY, N.S.W. oc cm we ne tom we we vores ee soe ee 3 q SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT TO ORCHID’ ENTHUSIASTS John Bisset has pleasure in announcing the publication of Two Books on Orchid Culture which are invaluable aids to Orchid enthusiasts THE CHARM OF GROWING ORCHIDS FOR EVERYBODY ORCHIDS by R. Bruce Hogg by P. A. Gilbert Over 200 pages with 32 pages of 232 pages of Cultural Notes and Photos Illustrations, Price 21/- (Post I/- extra) Price 25/- (Post I/- extra) . E (Evenings) JA890 JOHN BISSET MARY =n Garb WII AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REV Volume 14 JUNE, 1949 | No. 2 The author of each article is responsible for the facts and opinions expressed therein. Among Victorian Orchid Collections RNP ee ue Pet RANI teed > eonsan 35 Battin s Cones Ops aaa ae ttt peril gece ttin oe Pa Ginn ie OLB part rect 40 Bigibbum or Phalaenopsis? rs ak Sg Pete ER SOR aan lel 2 a woe 34 1 Soy British Orchid Growers’ Association i iehet ys 5 aU. Fal wr che Stal Sa) PeUaeen 39 \ i Cattleyas in Mackay Pe ee So Reh Re Peak cries Geo! Pens 32 \ ‘ GorsagemSpravee akin e manmmenien mee oun: onan otc Sie 1 aM pe 33 NS a — Development of Cymbidium Hybrids 9, ne stem om Oy) res23,0) SE Mig From the Editor’s Mail Bag as Be i ease) ie Perea yal ye BD Pha eitauie Lure of the Orchid, The ae ee ae SR eMiae y Soky dee ae Pr... ove BXG Orchid Growing in West Australia __..... nie ce Je the bests sok Mie & Sede ma 43 Orchid Landscape... A ak det ce ttyy Ge Coe pe, en Age END Se es PesteelndicatOrsh apse trian wth can ree See 33 A gpleety gha er ne A ah bee By Maas a7 Random Notes wn 0 7 Le I ly BARE EE 8 hie pai 4 5 Shoulder Spray, The — .... PRIDE. i pense br absthen = ate Sth am 40 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Gymbidium x Adonis 9 9 on cree se we eee re ete Ge Cymbidium x Girrahween var. Emid oe 0 oem oom ie rete seo, aa Cymbidium, Family Breeding Chart © x. se un tae he ie 42 Subscription Rates: Australia and New Zealand, 10/- per annum; Overseas, 10/- sterling Per annum. Post free. Payable to Shepherd & Newman Pty. Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney. a TAN BARK SPECIALIST Special Orchid Collection Offers A. SMITH Delivered Free by Air Express 65 NORTH ROAD, EASTWOOD) = |_| ajmbidiums, “42; 25 “Cyorenediums, £8/10/4 29 EUCLA pk, All large, healthy, and full Aawers Supplier to Leading Growers MIRREEL EIEN MEE ee NUE, New or Rotted. Only the best THE HERBAL HOME WM3675, WA9402 P.O. RHENOCK, SIKKIM 14, INDIA Page 30 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Development of Cymbidium Hybrids HUGH R. G. POATE, Sydney, N.S.W. @ The recent arrival of “Sanders’ List of Orchid Hybrids to 1/1/46,” which contains the various known crosses of all varieties of Orchids, has provided a long awaited oppor- tunity of enquiring into the parentage of our popular Cymbidium hybrids which are so eminently suited by our Sydney climate. There are about 1120 recorded Cymbidium hybrids, the majority of which have been introduced during the last 20 years. The “List” is dated “to 1/1/46,” but contains a fair number of 1946 hybrids, this probably being made possible by the delay in publication. As a number of hybrids have been introduced in the three years since the “List” closed officially it is to be hoped that either Mr. Fred Sander or another member of the firm will be able to issue a sup- plement at say five year intervals or if this is a task now assuming too onerous proportions for him that the Royal Horticultural Society will carry on this arduous but valuable work as they do for Daffodils. ; The “List” is arranged alphabetically and in the first part gives the name of each hybrid with its two parents, the name of the raiser and the year of introduction. The second part lists the name of each parent with the other parents used and the names of the resultant hybrids so that each hybrid is listed twice (under each parent), the total number of parents being about 328. Some parents have been used freely, such as Alexanderi, Ceres, Pauwelsii, Insigne Sanderae, etc., while others have only one listed cross, such as Thrush x _ Butterfly—Ilma; Yolande x Susette—Madder Rose; Ilma x Alex- anderi—Gossoon, etc., but judging by the quality of these hybrids it is likely that more crosses have been made from these individual parents and will be recorded in the near future. Prior to 1905 a number of Cymbidium species were known and those mostly grown were eburneum and some of its varieties from the East Indies, grandiflorum and Tracyanum from the Himalayas and Lowianum from Burma. In 1905 Cymbidium insigne from Annam was shown by Sander and was awarded the F.C.C. of the R.HLS., its description being “a creamy white flower, the segments tipped with rese-purple and the white lip heavily spot- ted with bright purple.’ About the same time Sander had also introduced from Annam Cym- bidium Parishii Sanderae, “ivory white, lip yel- low with purple blotches” and a couple of years later its varieties superbum, “pink, lip white mottled dark red” and splendens, “white, lip rose-red spotted crimson.” Erythrostylum had also come in from Annam in 1905, ‘white, marked purple, column crimson.” Thus we had the beginings of the colours in Cymbidiums. The following excerpt is taken from Mr. Fred K. Sander’s introduction to this new “List of Hybrids” :— “When my firm, through our intrepid collec- tor Micholitz, brought home, bloomed and ex- hibited Cymbidium Sanderi (insigne), erythros- tylum and Parishii Sanderae, we did not foresee that the discovery and cultivation of these species would create an entirely new, immensely valuable range of Orchids. We could not and did not foresee the huge quantities of invalu- able, long-sprayed, long-lasting, _ brightly- coloured Orchids, to be grown for cut flower purposes in all parts of the temperate world. It is well worth putting on record that as in Cymbidiums so also in all types of Orchids there has bloomed from time to time one individual plant of quite outstanding merit as a parent for future generations. As if it were but yesterday I can see before me the Cymbidium Alexanderi Westonbirt variety arranged with two or three other novel- ties for the edification of Sir George Holford, on his return to Westonbirt from a prolonged absence. Distinct and magnificent this one out- standing form bloomed among a considerable number of plants from the same seed pod. I did not and could not know, despite my admira- tion, that this one plant would create a vast multitude of superb Orchids, which a quarter of a century later would still be keenly sought after wherever Cymbidiums can be grown— What has occurred may well happen again. At any time someone somewhere will bloom an Orchid that can become the forerunner of im- proved types. So each grower should be on the alert to recognise the value of such an Orchid. This is by no means easy, or else many of us would not have readily parted with just such plants that have subsequently revolutionised a whole race of Orchids. Also it becomes increas- ingly difficult to produce such an outstanding, distinct hybrid because of the sterility of many multi-parented hybrids which refuse to pro- duce good seed or whose offspring refuse to grow and flower freely. It is therefore probable that in the near future breeders of Orchids will AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 have to revert toa species for one of the parents of the crosses they make, in order to obtain fertile seed.” The quotation is given at length because it Contains a real story and should be of value to hybridists. The parents of Alexanderi were eburneo-Lowianum x insigne and it was intro- duced by Sir George Holford, of Westonbirt, Tetbury, Glos., in 1911 and as Mr. Sanders in- dicates, it has had a wonderful and almost fomantic influence in the production of present day hybrids, Prior to its introduction, Veitch in 1889 in- troduced eburneo-Lowianum so named after th its parents; Colman crossed Lowianum x Tracyanum and named the cross Gattonense after his own estate of Gatton Park; in 1902 Wigan showed eburneum x Tracyanum and called it Wiganianum; 1906 Charlesworth crossed eburneum x giganteum and named it after the two parents and Sander introduced Holfordianum by crossing eburneum x grandi- florum and in 1908 Crayshaw crossed grandi- florum x Tracyanum and gave us Rosefieldense. Then came the great year of 1911 when Sir George Holford introduced Alexanderi and Pauwels of Ghent, Belgium, gave us Pauwelsii Y a cross from insigne x Lowianum. <A few other crosses from species were introduced and some have been of value as parents for better class hybrids, insigne x Tracyanum—Doris tom McBeans in 1912; insigne x grandiflorum —Conigsbyanum from Hamilton Smith in 1914; insigne x Parishii Sanderae—Dryad by Holford, 1914; insigne x giganteum—lIona by Armstrong & Brown, 1914, and as late as 1926 anbury crosed eburneum x erythrostylum— Niveum, _ From 1914 onwards began the flood of hyb- tids and with improved parents and improved methods of seed growing we are seeing better, 1gger and brighter Cymbidium hybrids every year with occasionally one outstanding flower such as Girrahween var. Gloria. As an example of how the types have been used the following may be noted:— Albanese.—30 recorded crosses—best known ere are x Alexanderi—Albania (which crossed with Ceres gives us the magnificently coloured aes x Ceres—Bountiful; x Charm— armeuse; x Princesse Astrid—Princess Juli- ana, etc, : Alexanderi.—129 recorded crosses—x Cas- or—Baldur; x Ceres—Louis Sander; x Conings- Donum— Cygnus; x Dorothy—Jeanette; x tyad—Merlin; x Eagle—Jungfrau; x Erica beth, etc. Page 31 Sander—Bodmin Moor; x Flamingo—Flamenco; x Garnet—Bullfinch; x Glasgow—Historian; x Goldfinch—Galaxy; x Gossander—Cassandra; x Gottianum—Eagle; x I’Ansonii—Emery; x Ilma—Gossoon; x Joy Sander—Janette; x Kit- tiwake—Rosanna; x Louis Sander—Neville Chamberlain; x Lowianum—President Wilson; x Lowii-grandiflorum—Miranda; x Mem. P. W. Janssen—Madonna; x Merlin—Flamingo; x Miranda—Jason; x Pauwelsii—Swallow; x Pre- sident Wilson—Falcon; x Princess Astrid—Prin- cess Elizabeth; x Rosanna—Balkis; x Seamew —Sandpiper; x Swallow—Arabella II; x Tityus —Dorchester, etc. Ceres.—117 recorded crosses. The best known not already mentioned are x Castor— Trixie; x erythrostylum—Charm; x Flamingo —Gloriana; x Goosander—Jancis; x insigne— Lyoth; x Joy Sander—Joyful; x Louis Sander— Flame; x Lysander—Edzell; x Macaw—Nut- hatch; x Merlin—Cerlin; x Pauwelsii—Joy San- der; x Pearl—Ruskin; x President Wilson— Priam; x Ralph Sander—Carisbrook; x Swallow —Sunrise; x Toucan—Pocahontas; x Vesta— Profusion, &c. Coningsbyanum.—36 tecorded crosses. x Deris—Guelda; x Miranda—Claudette, etc. Flamingo.—35 recorded crosses including x Alexanderi—Flamenco; x Ceres—Gloriana; x Jason—Queen Mary; x Olympus—Queen Eliza-* Insigne Sanderi.—70 recorded crosses, of which eburneo-Lowianum gave us Alexanderi, which has played such a dominant part; x Lowianum—Pauwelsii; x Magali Sander— Sus- ette; x Merlin—Goosander, etc. Insigne has probably played a greater part in the develop- ment of to-day’s hybrids than has any other of the Cymbidium species. Lowianum.—48 recorded crosses including x Flamenco—Girrahween; x insigne—Pauwelsii; x Rosanna—Imbros; x Venus—Esmeralda, etc. Pauwelsiiim—78 recorded crosses of which x Alexanderi—Swallow has given us a great number of beautiful ffowers; x Curlew—Goldi- locks; x grandiflorum—Erica Sander; x Joy Sander—Joyance; x President Wilson—Peri, etc: In the 1948 shows in Sydney the most con- sistent place-getters were Cassandra, Arabella (Magnifica), Balkis and Charm (Elegance) while Girtahween (Enid) was the champion flower. Considerable comment has arisen over the varieties of Arabella and it will be seen from Sander’s List that there are two of them listed as Arabella I and Arabella II of very different parentage. Really, the numerous vari- Page 32 eties of Swallow easily head the list, but as they are commonly known by. their varietal names they have not been grouped, although Soulan- geana is in the top class. The same applies to the varieties of Louis Sander, of which Girrahween and Kirribilli are outstanding. Working out the family trees of those first named is very interesting and it will be seen what a big part has been played by Cymbidium ' See Breeding Charts on From the Editor’s Mail Bag @ Is there anyone among you who might be good enough to send me two or three addresses of dealers in seeds of hardy native Australian flowering plants as well as the adopted South African. flowering plants? Being from the latter country, I am very partial to their use in Cali- fornia, where they do remarkably well, as, of course, do the Australians. Hence my interest lies in trying to obtain continuous bloom through the year with as much colour as pos- sible by using the best of the products of countries similar to California. Please accept my thanks in advance for what you may be able to do for me. It will be appre- ciated. MARIA WILKES. 508 Moreno Avenue, Los Angeles 24, California, U.S.A. CATTLEYAS IN MACKAY, NTH. QLD. @ Dear Sir, I am in receipt of your letter inquiring about Cattleya Orchid growing in this locality. In reply, first I know of no grower here who. has established Cattleyas on Frangipanni trees, though some of the native Dendrobiums are commonly grown in gardens in that way. Cattleyas are grown here in clay pots or wood baskets in semi-shade provided by the usual form of bush house. Our own location is but a few hundred yards from the sea and only a few feet above sea level. The intervening area is mostly mangrove swamp, but a screen of trees gives some protection from saline winds. ‘The Orchids are, however, exposed to climatic ex- cesses of heat and cold, rain, humidity and droughts in each yearly cycle. From January to April we can expect up to 60 inches of rain with spasms of intense heat and humidity—so to 100 degrees F., with humidity around satura- tion. From May to August weather conditions become cooler and drier, when temperature read- ings as low as 33 degrees F. and 86 degrees F. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 insigne and Alexanderl and also the great work that was done by Sir George Holford. These family trees will also give our hybridists some idea as to what lines to follow and they also show how important is Mr. Fred Sander’s advice that every now and then it is necessary to put in a good type of species as a parent, the out- standing example in the ones now presented is Girrahween (Enid). page 42 maximum have been recorded. From September to December the weather becomes very dry and hot with temperatures ranging from 60 degrees F. minimum to 100 degrees F. maximum. As most of the Cattleyas and allied genera obtain- able now are the product of the laboratory, test tube and glass house, with usually complete con- trol of these factors it can be understood. the growing conditions here are by no means ideal by comparison. The first consideration when obtaining new plants is that of acclimatisation and this is best done by having the plants arrive during the milder months of the year. Perfect drainage is an essential when potting and tan bark from which the dross has been removed is used for planting in. The usual com- posts, particularly those containing sphagnum soon become sodden during the rainy season. Osmunda is quite good when used alone, but is difficult to obtain now. Pests are numerous and troublesome under our open bush house conditions, the Orchids be- ing exposed to attacks by roving grasshoppers which destroy leaves, buds and flowers if given a chance. The jungle cockroach, a common pest, eats the green tips of exposed roots. Rats can be very destructive, but this danger has been overcome by hanging all plants by means of wire loops inserted through the rims of the pots. Scales, mites, woolly aphis and other insect pests have also to be continually guarded against, by means of spraying with suitable insecticides, Watering is performed mainly by immersion in a mobile tank using rain water when avail- able. During the hot, dry months, this may be necessary three or four times per week with occasional hosing to increase humidity. From the above brief summary then it can be concluded Orchid growing here is not any simpler than in the protective shelter of the -modern heated glass house with its readily con- trolled temperature, humidity, shade and mois- ture, as well as the greater security the glass house gives against invading pests. My own efforts here under these exposed conditions does indicate the great adaptability of the Cattleya . = we = a a e ne rec nenenenerenennecrvennnnrm a RN es AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 genus to very considerable variations of climate 4s, on the whole, most plants once acclimatised, Stow quite vigorously, some hybrids flowering twice per annum. However, Orchid growing here, just as anywhere, must be based on a sound Knowledge of the Orchid family and_ their natural requirements, and ability to apply this, as well as some patience, to enjoy successful and sustained results. P.S. The Frangipanni Plumieria Acutifolia on which native Dendrobiums are scmetimes grown 1s the same as grown in Brisbane and Sydney. R. BELL, Park Curator, Mackay. Corsage Spray Making ‘Mrs. J. JOWNSON, Earlwood, N.S.W. @ Tam a reader of the Orchid Review myself and think that an item or items on spray mak- ing with Cymbidium Orchids as suggested by ae McAuliffe in the December issue is a. good dea, : I am afraid, however, that I will not be able to help very much, but I will write down the little kits that I have learnt as they come to mind, j What kind of wire? In spray-making the wire used should be able to support the bloom, that 's, when the flower is wired one should be able aeol it upright without the bloom bending When: Sprays can be worn, Orchid sprays may © Worn at any time of the day. The spray made up of 1 or 2 blooms are ideal for the Winter suit or coat. How many blooms? One or two blooms are quite enough for day wear. In the late afternoon ate €vening as many as 4 flowers can be worn. t needs to be a very tall person to be able to Wear § blooms successfully. C Se or small flowers. One to three large ymbidium flowers can be made up into a nice ‘Pray, four medium sized flowers really make ‘n ideal spray for evening wear. ee colour flowers? 1 think in asking what : Our is best one should first know when the SEY 1s to be worn. Pinks, whites and greens apace for night wear. They show up well Nder artificial light. The darker shades should lett for day wear, What embellishments may be used? Cello- F ane should be used to cover all wires so that fy will not stain the frock of the wearer. habe may be used and also ribbon grass to ribko orm the shape of the spray. Manufactured n should not be used. Page 33 In endeavouring to make a really good spray one should not depend upon the help of ribbons; they are really not a necessity. How worn; up or down? The spray should be worn down. When it is being made the florist shapes her spray to be worn down. Therefore, when the wearer pins it upwards the spray loses its shape and does not look so attractive. Are. Orchids suitable to use with other flowers? Yes, Orchids can be used quite suc- cessfully with other flowers such as tuber roses, hyacinths, delphintums or any other small choice blooms. One Orchid bloom made up with any of these flowers makes a really de- lightful spray and it is not so expensive as one entirely made of Orchids. Pest Indicators in my Orchid House CHAS. A. NEWMAN, Bayswater, W.A. @ Readers of the A.O.R. may be interested to learn of the pest indicators that I use in my Orchid house. I work on the principle that every pest has some particular host that it favours initially above all others, and obsery- ance of this principle has proved to be a great time-saver. For instance, I have found that Cyps. carry- ing heavy foliage are more susceptible than others to attacks by mealy bug. This pest in- variably makes for the mottled-leaf varieties first of all and, if these varieties are clean, there is no need to search further. A scrutiny of the Insignes is a reliable guide to the presence or otherwise of scale, the In- signe being the first line to be assaulted. The Dracaena in my glass house gives the earliest warning of any red spider than might be about, and the Croton ranks as first priority-on the list of the thrip. My Nepenthe tells me whether ants are mak- ing an unwelcome appearance. The Nepenthe belongs to the curious pitcher-plant family, one ef which grows in the Albany district. Its re- ceptacle is much longer and more conical in shape than that of the pitcher plant of local crigin and, instead of having a cap-covering to fit tightly over the orifice, it has a hood. The ants, attracted by a sweet syrup stored at the bottom of the pitcher, enter the orifice and are unable to get out again. All I have to do is to turn the contents of one of the pitchers into my hand—the work of a moment—and ants or no ants is the information given me. Page 34 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Bigibbum or Phalaenopsis ? @ Our naming of the coloured illustration in the. December, 1948, issue has been queried by several readers. The following letter from Mr. D..F. Sander of such a famous firm as Sanders (St. Albans), England, decided us to check up. The Hon. Editor. Dear Sir, ; I read with the usual interest your December number, and much enjoyed the beautiful re- production of Dendrobium Phalaenopsis. Why is it titled “Bigibbum var. Phalaenop- sis?” Surely Bigibbum is really distinct from Phalaenopsis or Schroderianum? . It is a little puzzling to me, as I know Bigib- bum is much smaller than Phalaenopsis, and having also a distinctly bigibbous lip, in other words distinctly chinned. D. F. SANDER. We forwarded this letter to Rev. H. M. R. Rupp, the Australian authority, with a request that he comment. He kindly replied as fol lows:— The best way I can answer your query, re “Dendrobium Phalaenopsis,” is to quote from “A Review of the Genus Dendrobium in Aus- tralia,” by. Trevor E. Hunt and myself, pub- lished in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. Ixxii (1947- 8); p, 239. “21. D. bigibbum Lindl . . . We find it neces- sary to associate with this species No. 44, D. Phalaenopsis Fitzg. . . . We have given much time and thought to the vexed problem of the relations between these beautiful North Queens- land Orchids. We realise that the conclusion we have at last reached will probably be unaccept- able to some of our readers, and that it will dis- appoint many who have been anxious to see a concise and clear statement of the distinctions between the numerous varieties (of both D. bigibbum and D. Phalaenopsis) which from time to time have ben recorded. But we have become convinced that F. M. Bailey was entirely correct, from the botanical standpoint, when he reduced Fitzgerald’s D. Phalaenopsis from specific rank to the status of a variety of D. bigibbum. (Queensland Flora, Vol. V, p. 1524.) We may assume, we think, that Fitzgerald has faithfully depicted the typical D. Phalaenopsis in Aust. Ochid 1, 7, and the typical D. bigib- bum in Aust. Orch. 11, 5. No one examining these plates can deny that there are differences between the two Orchids figured there; but are they in any respect more important than those which distinguish type from variety in scores of other species? Lest this be thought too vague a comparison, take two of our own Australian species of the same genus, viz. D. ¢eretifolium and D. tetragonum. In what particulars are the differences between D. bigibbum and D. Phal- aenopsis more striking, or more important botanically; than those between the typical D. teretifolium and its tropical var. fasciculatum? or those between the little sober-hued flower of the typical D. tetragonum and the large and colourful flower cf var. giganteum? Even in their recognised varieties, D. bigibbum and D. Phalaenopsis seem to aproach one another. White’s var. compactum is generally considered a very distinctive form of the latter; but in what respects does it differ from Reichenbach’s D. bigibbum var. superbum? e “Generally speaking, the flowers of D. Phal- aenopsis are superior, both in dimensions and in depth of colour, to those of D. bigibbum. But size and colour cannct be made the criteria for specific examination. It is the morphology of the flower which counts most; and we are satis- fied that the structural differences between the flowers of these plants are very slight, and even at their best, are not of much botanical im- portance. Differences in dimensions, colour- scheme, and precise shade of colour itself may be conveniently used to denote the distinctive appearance they give to this or that variant from the typical form; but not to establish new species. If this point of view is not accepted, why not split both bigibbum and Phalaenopsis into still more species? The difference between the typical ‘Cooktown Orchid’ and its var. Rothschildianum, or the new yar. W. Parton, seem to us greater than those which are sup- posed to distinguish it from D. Ligibbum. We follow Bailey in regarding D. Phalaenopsis as a large and beautiful form of D. bigibbum, it- self even more subject to variation that the species proper; and we think that’ its named varieties should be reduced to sub-varieties .. « We do not thing that in a review such as this we can enter into a discussion of the many varieties which have been published. Most of them are based on differences in the colour- scheme of the flowers; in a few there are other distinctions, such as dwarf and compact habit, &c. These variations are chiefly of interest to Orchid growers, and would be more appropri- ately discussed in a journal exclusively devoted to Orchid culture. We may add that in any I a et ee Siemans resins msn . i . = AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 such discussion we think D. dicuphum F. Muell. should receive some consideration. At least one form of this species approaches very closely D. bigibbum var. candidum.” if _ [may say that C. T. White himself concurs in our treatment of the subject. In fact Mr. Sander’s “challenge” is the first which has reached our notice. If you look at Fitg.’s two Plates referred to above, you will, I think, agree that D. Phalaenopsis is no less ‘‘double-spurred” than D, bigibbum. ‘dunt and I do not presume to take up the attitude, “We have spoken, and the subject is closed!” In fact, just because we realised the Complexity of the problem, we laid ourselves °pen to a charge of inconsistency by retaining oth names in our list of Australian Dendrobes. ut we made it clear that our own investiga- “ons drove us to support F. M. Bailey in de- cuning to accept specific distinction between the two. Other investigators may differ from Page 35 us; but we spent long weeks in studying the problem (the whole review took the best part’ of two years to complete); examining all the forms of which we could obtain specimens, and looking. up all the descriptions we could get. hold of. ry. ; A reprint of ‘our review was posted to your Society, and unless such reprints are not kept,’ it should be in your library.. For -your con- venience, however, I have typed all the essen- tials of what we said on this’ particular prob- lem. The typical D. bigibbum and the typical D. Phalaenopsis do look quite different; but they are the two extremes of a long series of inter- mediate forms of flowers; and if specific separ- ation be insisted upon, who is to judge whether any of these intermediates shall be placed with- in D. bigibbum or D. Phalaenopsis? It may be said it doesn’t matter much; but that way lies confusion. Among Victorian Orchid Collections R. VICK, Balwyn, Vie. ' ® Nestled snugly among a natural growth of 8um trees lies the floral farm of Messrs. K and - Jones, of Nunawading, one of the most tstern suburbs of Melbourne. As part of their >usiness they have developed steadily the grow- ng of Orchids —Cypripediums, Cymbidiums and Cattleyas, They had started their collection fore the war began, but active service tem- Porarily halted their plans which are now being Progressively developed. ees glass houses are used to accommodate “€ Orchids, the majority of which are Cyp- ‘pediums, One house is devoted entirely to yn. insigne, and the sunken type used has ee so successful that a new: house, erected a little over a year ago, has been built on the same principle. ; Peas latter house is about ten feet wide and € ridge stands about seven feet above the °er, which is approximately nine inches to a ah lower than the ground level outside. The . ' eG of cement bricks and about four feet a » Urainage from within the house flows to a ment pool covered by a grate inside the door. een ee door is open during suitable weather this mat air entering the house passes over eee carrying evaporated moisture with it. ie eds of tan bark about six inches high ©n either side of the central path which runs ae full length of the house. This retains a xImum of moisture. Small pieces of tiles _bark, and the pots stand on these tiles. about an inch thick are half-buried in the tan The Cypripediums are the picture of health and give every evidence of producing abundant flowers. In this house, too, are found a fine collection of Cattleyas recently added. These are sus- pended from two pipes, which run parallel with the length of the house and just clear of the edges of the pathway, and are approximately four feet above the ground level. They thus receive a maximum of moisture from below, and the good growth made is a clear indication that the plants are well satisfied with their new surroundings. In addition, quite a number of flowers were out, and the numerous sheaths in- dicated that more still were to come. Messrs. Jones Bros. should be well satisfied with these “suinea pigs” as they are affectionately called for the progress made by the plants since they were purchased has been very satisfactory. The Cypripediums show one good indirect re- sult from the hanging pots of Cattleyas. The shade thrown by them — broken as it is — is evidently relished as the growth made by these plants placed nearer the wall where most shade falls is excellent. A coke-boiler hot-water system provides the heat necessary. The pipes run along the walls on each side of the house about thirty inches above floor level. The house has a quite com- fortable feeling and an adequate moisture-con- Page 36 tent. The roof has angle iron rafters into which the glass panes are set, and the whole is easily reached when shading has to be applied, or a pane replaced. Its only disadvantage is that to handle the Cypripediums some back bending is necessary. Constructed almost entirely of cement bricks and iron, replacements and repairs should be negligible. Another house of somewhat similar dimen- sions, but of older design, contains another fine batch of Cypripediums and some Cattleyas. In this house normal bench practice has been followed, with two side and one central bench. These are of the solid type in the case of the side benches, which have their bases covered with the same moisture-retaining tan bark over which the pots are placed. Here again the plants are thriving and show every promise of a heavy crop of flowers. The Cattleyas are staged at the northern warmer end of the house, and have made much progress in the last year or so. The Cymbidium house, also of the sunken type, has no heating installation, and has been in operation for two to three years. The plants are this year making very definite progress— solid green leaves and large firm bulbs. Spikes are showing freely from both the older and the immature bulbs. The plants are not staged on benches of normal height, but stand either on the ground or are raised less than a foot. Among the Cypripediums we find both species and hybrids. Being a commercial propo- sition, we find the free flowering types most popular and particularly the early flowering types. Among the latter were noticed fine flowers of Gigas Corndean Hall var., Harrisi- anum yar. Black Knight —a fine flower, St. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Albans, Fairmaud, etc.— all with fine fong stems. Among other hybrids promising good crops of flowers are Dreadnought, Royal George, Swallow, Brita Rotunda, J. M. Black fine var., Lord Wolmer, John Henry, F.C.C. Beside the house devoted wholly to Insigne, there are good batches of the following species, Villosum, Hir- sutissimum, Charlesworthii. The compost used for the Cypripediums con- sists of tan bark, leaf mould (much of which is gathered from under wattle trees) and broken up crocks. Over a deep layer of crocks in the pots is put a layer of pine needles so that little more than half the pot contains the compost in which the plants thrive. Fine root systems have been developed and plant after plant had roots right to the bottom of the pots. Careful atten- tion is paid to shade—to which these plants are very partial—watering and a warm humid at- mosphere. Plants are freely watered and fre- quently sprayed during the warm season when growth is at its maximum rate. The Cattleyas are potted in todea fibre with- out any sphagnum, Watering overhead is not excessive, and the plants thrive upon the mois- ture arising from the moist bed below them. Among the varieties are many of outstanding quality, form and colour, namely, British Queen Cliftonii var., Magnifica, Soulange perfection, Profusion in variety, L.C. Queen Mary, L.C. Gatton Lily, L.C. Wembley. Cymbidiums of class have been added to the list during the past two years, many of the good varieties having colour and form and de- corative value, namely, Sandpiper, Arabella, Stonechat, Cassandra, Galaxy, Swallows in variety including Ronnoc, Ceres var. F.J.H. The Lure of the Orchid P. L. MEECH, Artarmon, N.S.W. @ Until comparatively recent years Orchid growing in Australia was confined to the weal- thier people and a few intrepid growers. Many and varied reasons accounted for this. One reason being that a large bank balance was necessary and another that only a few had suf- ficient knowledge to grow them and another the difficulty of procuring stock. These handi- caps and others have been completely elimina- ted, for now almost everyone from the poor to the rich can, and do, grow them. You do not require a large cheque book nor a glasshouse or even “green-fingers.” What is required is some common sense, a_ love of the plants and plenty of patience in relation to the size of the cheque book. In and around Sydney we are blessed with a climate that is well nigh perfect for the grow- ing of some varieties of Orchids, and as Cym- bidiums do so well they are the beginner’s first choice. My remarks apply especially to them. The newcomer does not have the pitfalls that older growers had, and does not have to prove by “trial and error” what to grow and how to grow it. He merely has to consider certain sets of cir- cumstances such as location and environment after visiting various successful growers, and although he will see plants grown and housed nnn one ne a _ - 72 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 differently he will frequently find that the Plants are growing well in each case. The reason for this successful growing is that consideration has been given to the various Sets of circumstances to provide satisfactory 8rownig conditions. It is this call for the use of common sense that makes Orchid growing so appealing to Many people. Some of the main factors that a grower must Consider to become successful are light, sun, Shade, compost, watering, air and temperature. ere cannot be any hard and fast rule laid down for novices. Observation and experience are good teachers and very soon he will learn to alter unsatisfactory conditions and later on Combine the various conditions to the best 8towing advantage. © new grower will find that potting mix- tures composed of tan bark, leaf mould, sand, charcoal, tung husks, old cow manure are used Successfully in various combination and quan- tities by different growers. It is for him to nd out whether all or some of these ingredients or others suit his particular set of circumstan- Ces. Provided an open mixture is made and good Tainage allowed it appears that Cymbidiums will grow in almost any compost. Each grower Sconer or later evolves and has a prefernce for 1S Own composts, consisting of one or more in- Sredients. As IT am writing this a friend ‘dropped in” and looking for information or an argument I ask, what is the best compost for Cymbidiums? But he has closed the door and is quickly on S way out. You see, he uses leaf mould, sand and cow manure and I use tan bark and char- Coal with the same results. Although Cymbidiums will grow in the open, and I have seen them growing in full sunlight, it 1s advisable to provide them with some shade. the expense of a bush house is too great the plants will do quite well under deciduous or high trees, but for ease of handling a bush Ouse is preferred. This should be constructed to face north-east to get the benefit of the Morning sun; this is essential, and the plants should be protected from the west and south Winds as far as possible. A lacing of ti-tree ‘wigs through wire or laths on the roof and Sides will be in order, ‘The idea being to have tered sunlight on and off. A rather low bench is indicated to allow close “xamination of the flowers as they appear. ~OWever, it is first necessary to get the plants. This is when the patience starts. If you have ‘large cheque book less patience is required as Page 37 you can purchase large, flowering-sized plants. Usually, however, a start is made with back- bulbs. If possible these should be large and green; ones that have just lost their leaves are best. All the dead roots must be removed and the bulbs cleared of any scale and the cut sur- face rubbed with lime. They should be placed in small pots, four- inch ones will do to start. The pots should be well crocked and filled with compost and placed in a warm spot. If a hot-box is available so much the better. If the weather is warm it will not be long before a growth starts from the base of the bulb. This will usually make rapid progress. The new growth can be removed from the bulb when it has roots a few inches long and the bulb can be replaced to strike again. Sometimes several growths are obtained from the bulb by this method. Larger plants will often need attention when purchased. If so, they should be removed from the pot, the back-bulbs and dead roots cut away, care being taken not to damage the live roots. Place lime on the cut surfaces and re- ‘place in a larger, well-crocked pot. Label it. Be sparing with the water for a few days to allow the cuts and broken roots to heal. Give extra shade. Contrary to general opinion, I find these operations are best carried out in the warm parts of the year, October, November, March and April, missing the hottest and coldest months of the year. In any case, my own prac- tice is not to pot before October and not later than April. Actually, I divide plants until April whether in spike or not, and I have been doing this for years with good results. These periods may not suit every grower, their conditions being different from mine. Water freely daily during the summer months and reduce the quantity towards win- ter, when very little if any will be required. Now that the Cymbidiums are well under way we shall have time to look round for other varieties, but I shall leave them for another time. These conclusions are strictly from my own experience and growers should not follow blindly but amend them to meet their indi- vidual conditions. Shows to Come. ® Secretaries of State and Affiliated Societies are invited to forward particulars of their coming shows for insertion in the A.O.R.—location, date and time. Page::38 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID. REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Orchid Landscape @: In a garden at Vaucluse,-near Sydney, Cym- bidium, Orchids .are grouped out-of-doors in landscape fashion with delightful and natural effect. The land has natural advantages such as slope to the north, outcrops of rocks, and native trees. With a, keen'sense of harmony, the owner, Mr. L. G. T: Plowman, has aded to the natural surroundings with cement pockets coloured and formed like the rock and cement. replicas of old tree stumps, all of which are containers for the Cymbidiums. Up in the forks of trees are large nests of Cyms. intermixed with Dendro- biums and ferns, principally Nepholepus and Haresfoot. Mr. Plowman has 166 different varieties of Cymbs. in his Orchid landscape garden. At present, October, these are a pro- fusion of bloom. About 400 visitors have viewed this garden recently as Mr. and Mrs. Plowman allow it to be used each year to augment the funds of Red Cross, Country Women’s and other -worthy organisations. In this garden no pots are used. Cymbidiums are interspersed amongst ferns (Nepholepus and Mother-of-Millions grow profusely under the light shade of the trees) with here and there a batch of Primula Obconica or English Blue Bells. Masses of Azaleas and richly coloured Draecenas add to the colour scheme. Pendulous Cymbidiums spill their sprays over rocky rid- ges and from forks of trees. Near by two Aus- tralian Gigantic Lilies rear their enormous Heaik on stalks 14 feet high. Mr. Plowman is an ardent believer in ihe “Orchidaceous‘” appearance of Cymbidiums. He deplores the present-day breeding out of this most fascinating charm of Orchids. If he were judging Cymbidiums he would give 50 per cent. of the points to the general orchidaceous appear- ance of the whole plant and another 25 per cent. to colour. He maintains that the modern gladiolus-like, Westonbirt type should be in a class of its own. The nearer a Cymbidium resembles a string of brightly coloured spiders the more exotic and orchidaceous it is in Mr. Plowman’s opinion. His experience has convinced him that it is impossible to get the best out of Cymbidiums when pot grown. Having read of Cymbidiums being found in their natural state with roots 30 feet long he marvels that they live at all in pots which only shows how plants will survive and flower with cramped roots. In this garden a bed of Pauwelsii, at present a mass of spikes averaging 28 flowers to each spike, is growing in a concrete imitation mass of stumps holding half a lorry load of tan bark and with enough root room for roots 40 feet or more long. Growth is luxuriant. A deep pink Ceres in enough tan bark to fill 4 kerosene tins sends out canes 6 feet long with very large flowers. Mr.:Plowman contends that large root- ing space ensures large blooms and plenty of them. Of course, in the sun the colour of the blooms does not hold as well in some shades as indoors, but the natural and artistic setting amply repays for this shortcoming. As regard compost for out-of-doors culture Mr. Plowman finds that Cymbidiums will grow in almost anything. His tests have included pure fowl manure and dry sugar cane fibre, but he finds that on the whole tan bark is best. Large weep holes to give good drainage are, as all growers know, absolutely essential. For plants growing in baskets in forks of trees a fine mixture with some loam is used to help keep in moisture as dryness is much more preva- lent in trees than on the ground. The paths in this garden are constructed so that one can leisurely wander in and out of Cymbidiums, ferns and fish ponds with here and there a thoughtful and restful seat, the back of which is crested with sprays of Cym- bidiums. This unique garden will be open for public inspection again next September. Mean- while, Mr. Plowman is quite willing to give the benefit of his experiences and experiments (he has had 45 years of them) to anyone de- siring assistance in the growing of Cymbidiums in landscape gardens, for he is convinced that once grown this way one would never revert to pot growing. @ Since the publication of the picture of Mr. Plowman’s garden he has received a number of letters, both local and from England, enquiring if any manures were used to achieve such re- sults. His reply is that the Cymbidiums are growing in tan bark and nothing else. The par- ticular bed shown is built up to about 2 feet with concrete in the front and 3 feet at the back on a sloping rock. The area is about 6 feet square and holds about 1-3 load of tan bark. @ The columns of the A.O. Review are available for more and more articles from Australians, and growers all over the world. Se see i ne ene ne aaa AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW,. JUNE, 1949 British Orchid Growers Association © About a year ago, commercial Orchid Stowers in England and Scotland held a meet- ing in London to discuss the formation of an Orchid Growers’ Association. As a result of this meeting the Association has now had a robust existence for one year. The Association 38 a part of the Horticultural Trades Associa- “on, and membership is open only to commer- cial Orchid growers in the British Isles. _ Mr. Peter McK. Black was elected the first *-airman and one hundred per cent, represen- tation was obtained so far as is known. Reduction of expenses to importers of Orchids from England and in many parts of the world has been the prinicpal benefit. This as been achieved through reduction in freight Fates by sending collective consignments, The most difficult hurdle to negotiate during 1948, but one which has now been cleared, was ‘ne shipment of plants to Australia. The Cheapest and quickest route is that via Karachi and Calcutta, but the customs authorities in those now sOveriegn states imposed regulations Tendering the sending of Orchid plants more ifcult even than they were. In order to pre- Vent the exit from the packing cases of non- “Xistent diseases and insects the Indian regula- Hons insist on Orchid plants being packed in ‘rmetically sealed metal cases. The Pakistan Tegulations are slightly less absurd and insist Only that the plants shall be packed in insect- Proof canvas covers. Negotiations are still in Progress, but the going is hard. - British hybrids may now be sent through €w York and San Francisco at no extra cost to the importer, by reason of a special com- Modity rate for Orchids which has just been 8tanted by Pan American Airways, after the Association had puts its case before them some ume ago. There is little or no delay by this route and there is, of course, no danger of plants be- 8 temoved in transit. An educational group was shown at Chelsea and Southport Shows, and a television talk was Stven in June, 1948. Discussions have been had on many matters importance to British Orchid collectors Snerally. The exhibition of British-grown cut wers and of plants at various American and ey 4 ; : Ane flower shows is to be carried out if pos- e, of . A small booklet especially devised for begin- “ts has just been published by the Association. Page 39 The Association wound up its first yéar fit- tingly by the offer, duly accepted, of a very fine collection of cool and intermediate house plants for Wisley Gardens, in order that students passing through should be able to round off their horticultural education by learn- ing a little of Orchids. (Hon. Ed.—A small booklet especially devised for be- ginners has been printed by the Association, and the Aus- tralian Orchid Review has permission to publish it with the best wishes of growers in England. This we hope to do in two: instalments as space becomes available. ] @ Hornsby—Kur-ring-gai Orchid Society. —Second Annual Show. Saturday, 6th August, 1949. From 1 p.m. to 9 p.m. At the Soldiers’ Memorial Hall, Killara. Schedules available from, The Hon. Secretary, N. O. Arnett, 12 Florence St., Hornsby. JU15 64. @ Should Orchids need watering twice in one day, there is something radically faulty in their cultivation, either the first watering is imper- fect, the pot is too small, the medium lacks nourishment, a draught requires diverting, or some artificial substance creates a non-Sydney evaporation. There is no better method of watering pot ‘plants than by immersion’ in a bucket, tub or tank until bubbles cease. It alone ensures a thorough watering with equal moisture throughout the material. All plants respond to it, and not much wonder. Each plant receives more than it gives. There is no loss by leaching. The water becomse impregnated with hormones and rich in plant food. It forcibly expels all foul air and is of itself partly or wholly aerated and always warmer than when taken from the tap cr.tank. Pots so watered require less fre- quent attention. The disadvantages are, it entails much hand- ling, and takes a long time, also established or specimen Cymbidium pots are inconvenient in weight and size. Consistent overhead watering, distinct from damping down, should be severely resisted and restricted entirely during extremely hot or dry weather; granted it freshens and revives the plant, but should the heat continue after the moisture \has evaporated, more harm than good can accrue. The plant opens its pores to the moisture, a condition at variance with the tem- perature, from which it has been denied the opportunity to defend itself. F. Douglas, Mosman, N.S.W.. Page 40 The Shoulder Spray (Miss) E. A. DUNLOP, @ The Orchid Society of N.S.W. recently did me the honour of asking me to act as judge at one of the most outstanding exhibitions of Orchids I have witnessed. I found competition among the ladies of the Society to be very keen, and several approached me, asking for hints in the arrangement of Orchids into shoulder sprays. I do hope the following notes will be of some assistance to those and to any others who may be interested. When. selecting Orchids to be worn think firstly of: (a) Colour; (b) Occasion. Cattleyas, with all their lushness, are suitable for evening, party and wedding wear. Cymbidiums, however, can be worn on all occasions and on most frocks, as there is more scope in the colour harmony and they are hardy. If in doubt as to the colour to be chosen, use preferably white, cream or the palest shade available, as these are neutral. When actually arranging Orchids, it should be remembered that these are to appear fore- ‘AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 most to the eye, with leaves fern and trimmings as a background. Regarding these leaves, etc., preferably use hardy leaves, i.e. the spotted Dracaena leaves or reedy types which can be looped attractively, as these do not wilt. As maiden hair fern dies quickly when worn, select firm pieces, and use very little. Wires should be as light in weight as possible, but sufficiently strong to support the weight of the bloom and hold it firmly in place when worn. All wires should be concealed as, apart from the improvement in the appearance of the spray, the frock is quite protected. It is advisable to bind these as near as possible to the natural. colour of the stems with parafilm or cellophane —not tinsel material. This latter tends to em- phasise the stems, making them noticeable. On occasions, ribbon trimmings are called for which will tone with frocks or accessories in which case use as little as possible and let it be of good quality. All these trimmings should be regarded as merely a background and protection for the frock and should not be over prominent. Barrington Tops. N.S.W. W. W. ABELL, Durong, via Tingoora, Qld. @ The Barrington Plateau or “The Tops” as they are better known forms-part of the Great Dividing Range that runs the full length of Eastern Australia. “The Tops” is near the little town of Gloucester, and is a happy hunting ground for the botanist. Anyone considering going there would be well advised to take a pack horse as the way is steep and narrow. “The Tops’ holds much interest to the nature-lover, but in particular it abounds in terrestrial Orchids, and this was the attraction that led Alick Dockrill and myself to set out from the tiny mill settlement at Hancock’s Farm at 10 a.m. on Christmas Day, 1947. So, with Alick acting as guide, we set off in drizzl- ing rain and plunged into the dripping rain forest with four days to do the trip. We ploughed along muddy timber tracks through the tall trees to the Allyn River, a crys- tal clear, cold mountain stream. Dense masses of Orchids clustered in the Casuarinas (oaks) on its banks. We waded through and began to climb. We soon climbed out of the rain forest and emerged on the crest of the spur leading to “The Tops.” Around us rose spur after spur leading up to the plateau, with densely-forested gullies between. Our way lay upwards through the open forest. We passed through groves of tree-ferns, strips of Antarctic Beech rain forest and finally, at the top of our climb, came to the snow gums, grey, stunted and weird. A short walk brought us to Carey’s Peak after a night spent camped in the rain forest (for the limbs of the gums are brittle and risky to sleep under). A wonderful panorama lay before us from the top of Carey’s Peak, 5064ft. Miles of rolling hills leading away to the coast in the distance, forested gullies, patchwork farmlands and small townships. But behind us lay the moors and we had only three days left. So we unpacked in a hut on Barrington Moor and got out the collecting tins. Alick’s tins were two in number, about 12ins. x 4ins. x 4ins. with tight fitting lids and they packed one on top of the other in a small haver- sack suspended over one shoulder. The tins were Continued on page 44. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 ’ Page 41 CYMBIDIUM, GIRRAHWEEN VAR. EDNI F.C.C. and Gold Medal, 1948, Orchid Society of N.S.W- Raceme of 10 flowers. THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Annual Exhibitions, 1949 THE WINTER SHOW ) will be held at the Y.W.C.A., 189 Liverpool Street, Sydney (opp. Anzac Memorial), Monday, 27th June, 2 p.m. to 10 p.m. Champion Cypripediums at their best. See the latest importations from England. Quaint and unusual types of Orchids. Beautiful Cattleyas, Early Cymbidiums, etc. THE SPRING SHOW Open Day and Evening The Spring Orchid Exhibition will be held at the SYDNEY TOWN HALL, on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, 20th, 2Ist, 22nd September. Cymbidiums in all their glory; Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, Odontoglossums. A riot of colour and eauty. Shoulder spray section for Cymbidiums. Do not miss the District Exhibits, included this year for the first time. Individual competitive Classes. Schedules available shortly. The Society's Awards will be granted those Exhibits deemed worthy by the Judging Committee. Open 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. J. C. DAVIS, Hon. Secretary. 16 Jarrett St., Campsie. Page 42 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 PERSONNEL Hon. Editor: W. Worth, 4 Ward St., Willoughby, N.S.W. Phone: XL3533 Associates VICTORIA: QUEENSLAND: SOUTH AUSTRALIA: TASMANIA: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: R. Vick Trevor E. Hunt M. Hill H. J. Exley J. S. Bridgeman 32 Northcote Avy. 15 Challinor St., 26 Blanche St. 5 Bedford St. 49 St. Leonards Ave. Balwyn, E.8. Ipswich. Gawler New Town West Leederville. Articles, photos, and drawings are invited, and may be forwarded to any of the above gentlemen, for publication in the Australian Orchid Review. CYMBIDIUM ADONIS This splendid specimen plant was grown and flowered in the far off, though important little town of Leeton, N.S.W., by Mr. John A. McAuliffe. A very creditable achievement under difficult conditions. Cymbidiums. Family breeding chart h GIRRAHWEEN etched Lowianun | Alexanders 1931 Alexanderi W-birt Flamingo ) Holford 1911 | Holford 1925 eburneo- insigne Alexanderi Merlin Lowianun ! Holford 1911 Holford 1920 eburneo-Lowianun insigne Alexanderi Dryad | Holford 1911 | Holford 1914 eburneo- insigne insigne Parishii Lowianun Sanderae ne a a AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Page 43 Orchid Growing in West Australia By the Society’s Publicity Officer @ To what extent is Orchid growing carried on in Western Australia? This and cognate questions have reached me from the eastern side of the continent, so I shall endeavour to give some idea of what we are doing. Judged by Eastern States’ standards, we can- Not claim to have any growers operating on a arge scale. In fact, I suppose that if you took the number of growers in N.S.W. or Victoria and divided it by 10, the quotient would rep- resent an overstatement of the position here, and the same would apply equally to the col- lections of growers. Thus we are still very much in the kindergarten stage, though some of our Stowers prefer to call it the pioneering stage. In pre-war days, there might have been a Score of growers in this State. These individuals for the most part ploughed a lonely furrow, Some adopting hit-or-miss methods and hoping or the best; some experimenting to find cul- tural methods suitable for local conditions. To lve an instance of the former, a couple of en- thusiastic ladies started off 15 or 20 years ago with that good old stand-by Cyp. Insigne, and though working largely in the dark, obtained creditable results. One of them during the war found amongst some soldiers she was entertain- ing a Sydney man with knowledge of the cult, r. E. J. Harcourt. He demonstrated the art of plant division and repotting and imparted much yaluable information. Being a staunch ydney man, he naturally stressed the virtues of the Cymbidium, and it was not long before ubby was called upon to provide increased glass house accommodation and write cheques for additional plants. Such instances could be Multiplied, for by such purely fortuitous cir- cumstances did some of our earlier growers get a footing, One of our earliest amateurs who has worked Wong sound and systematic lines is Mr. A. wens, of Claremont. For the last decade or so, © has corresponded with Mr. T. H. James, of the N.S.W, Society. A debt of gratitude is due to this gentleman for his willingness at all times *o assist the less favoured ones in this State. At a later stage, Mr. E. A. Hamilton, of Chats- Wood, and Mr. Marmion, of Lindfield, visited erth and did much to instruct and encourage Scal growers, Mr. Ewens, in turn, freely dis- Seminated the information he had acquired ‘mongst local growers and so, when our society was formed a couple of years ago, there was a handy nucleus of members ready to pool their knowledge and make it available to others. The real stimulus came with the inaugura- tion of the society when growers were enabled to get together and exchange ideas. The society has certainly been instrumental in stirring the enthusiasm of growers. Several members have made importations from the Eastern States and also from England and India. Various growers have remodelled their old glass houses or built new ones, and while these would appeal to a knowledgeable outsider as being mere pigmies, they do indicate advancement. To sum up the position one may say that Orchid growing here is in its infancy and is carried on mainly by novices as an interesting hobby. Small but quality exhibits of Orchids have been staged at the annual shows of the Royal . Agricultural Society held each year in October, but some time must elapse befor the necessary development is obtained to justify members in holding a show of their own. However, the society is considering a proposal to make a shop window display in the winter. This should be the means of enlisting wider public interest in the culture of the Orchid and should prove a good advertisement for the society. We are grateful to the Royal Agricultural Society for the encouragement it has given by making a room available for meetings, which are held on the third Friday in each month. Most of the time of the meetings is devoted to talks on, and demonstrations of cultural methods, and the society is appreciated for the truly educational work it is doing. No better tribute could be paid to this work than’ the remark of an experienced grower, who perhaps has most to impart and least to learn, when he said, “It would take quite a lot to keep me away from one of our meetings.” The member- ship is steadily increasing; there is a good deal of interchange of visits amongst members and altogether the future seems full of promise. Admittedly we in this State have not natural conditions anything like comparable with those in N.S.W. This applies more particularly to the culture of the Cymbidium family, for which Sydney is justly famous. When a Sydney friend a few years ago suggested our growing Cym- bidiums under trees or improvised shelters, re- collections of our dry summer heat made some of us feel very nervous about it, but experi- Page 44 ment showed that the requisite humidity could be supplied and that the plants could withstand a temperature topping the century without any noticeable ill-effects. On the other hand, the equable winter climate of W.A. has advantages. Perth seldom experiences a low night temperature and so artificial heating is not necessary for quite a variety of Orchids. Though a few members have installed heating appliances, the cold house predominates. W.A. growers are handicapped in the matter of obtaining supplies of bark and fibre. Mallet (not wattle) bark is the tanning agent used locally, and while an occasional grower claims to have used it on his Orchids with success, others report disastrous results. Be that as it may, most of our growers prefer wattle bark, which has to be imported fom the East, and where fibre and sphagnum moss are used, those, too, have to be imported. Oak leaf tompost, when obtainable, seems to be generally favoured and there is no doubt that the plants respond to its use. In its absence, she- oak compost gives reasonably good results. An observant grower noticed that the wild Orchids were usually to be found at their best amongst the mould deposit from she-oak trees, and this led him to try it out. Differences of opinion exist as to whether the she-oak compost does not break down too quickly to entitle it to be regarded as a first-class compost. As to water supply, Perth is served from the Mundaring and Canning reservoirs and the water, under normal conditions, seems to be quite suitable for Orchids. But conditions are not always normal. Though these reservoirs have ample storage, which is now being enlarged to serve additional country towns, the con- sumpion of the city and environs mounts so heavily during a heat wave as to exceed the de- livery capacity of the mains. To eke out supplies, resort is had to deep bores, of which there are several around the city, and this water, being highly mineralised, is disliked by many plants, including Orchids. Some growers use tank water only; some have sunk wells to tap the supply that is available all under Perth at the level of the Swan River and the chain of lakes to the west of the city— water of excellent quality. Taking into consideration housing, potting and range of Orchids, one of our vice-presi- dents, Mr. H. W. Mercer, has probably the best collection in the State. This grower, whose methods show the maximum of care and thoroughness, has experimented especially with AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Cymbidiums and, judging by the present con- dition of his plants, should meet with a con- siderable amount of success in the next year or two. We realise only too well that there is still much that can be regarded as fluid in Orchid culture here. Practices of 10 years ago have been scrapped and fresh experience is being gained each year. Broadly speaking, however, it may be said that we are adopting largely the cul- tural methods employed in the East and that we read with the keenest interest. the notes pub- lished in each issue of the Australian Orchid Review. While we are fully conscious of the difficul- ties presented by local conditions, we feel that we have reason to be satisfied with the progress of the last two years; we believe that we are now working along sound lines, and if, for the present, we must seek solace in the old injunc- tion ‘““Despise not the day of small things,” we are certainly aiming at getting somewhere worth while, even though we never expect “to set the Thames on fire.” (Continued from page 40) lined with sphagnum moss to protect the deli- cate Orchid petals. Such was the wealth of specimens obtained that we used any tin we could find and packed them in the packs with our supplies. The moors on the tops are swampy depressions with swift streams running through them. They are treeless. The bare sides of the ridges were covered with Orchids and had a few wom- bat holes in them. In sheltered parts of the swamps were large beds of sphagnum moss. A beautiful waterfall lay at the western end of the moor. From dawn to dusk we combed the moors for specimens and at the end of our third day, with specimen tins crammed full, we were on our way back to spend the night at the top of the climb ready for the descent next day. Back in Sydney we found our bag included some rare and interesting specimens. They con- sisted of:—Pterostylis—falcata, decurva, coc- cinca, parviflora, cycmecephala. Chiloglottis— reflexa, Gunnii trapeziformis. Thelymitra—ixio- des, venosa. Prasophyllum—Hopsonii, brevilabre, odoratum. Diuris—venosa, abbreviata (the for- mer is confined to the “Tops”). Caladenia—an- gustata. Gastrodia—sesamoides. Microtis—parvi- flora. Dipodium—puctatum. Of these Diuris abbreviata, Caladenia angustata, and Chiloglottis trapeziformis had not been previously recorded on Barrington Tops. | AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Page 45 Random Notes R. BRUCE HOGG, Kew. Vie. @ It might sound strange to readers, but (purely in the Orchid sense) since I discon- tnued writing for the Review I have felt lonely. Somehow there is companionship in a pen or Pencil for one can fraternise with mutual lovers of a hobby by being quite alone with a pencil and paper, just writing. Of course, I know that I am known to my Nends as being a very fickle person, who for Some unknown reason, suddenly changes his allegiance from one friend to another (Orchids are friends), and it was in this spirit that I Passed on first one of the finest collections of Slippers in this country and then one of the finest collections of Cattleyas. However, at least I saw that each of them found a suitable home and I should console myself by saying that my Oss was their pleasure, but is it—for the Cattleyas now all have a liberal serving of lime On the compost which may make them wish they were back with me, but as yet they show nO sign of discontent in their new homes. However, I am sure that both the Slippers and Cattleyas will forgive me, for their change Of location made room for a very fine collec- “on of their cousins, the Odontoglossum amily, which may haye never come to this Country had I not been so fickle; but what a tisk I took! Slippers and Cattleyas I found easy ‘0 grow, while I had rarely seen a healthy Odon- toglossum in this country, and I have seen a ew collections of 50 or 60 just fade away; but ‘ing always of an inquisitive frame of mind, Ansisted on buying not only the plants, but With them the know-all of how to grow them. My readers will be pleased to hear that I have und this family just as easy to grow as any other family, and what lovely Orchids they ‘rel How many of you have seen a healthy member of this family of A.M. class in flower? Ow many know that a collection of them, and their half brothers, the Odontioda, will give Owers all the year round? How many know that because they are a cool (not cold) loving Orchid there is not the tedious attention to the Stove required by the Cattleya? And this family ends itself better to make up into shoulder ‘prays than any other Orchid. They are light, ‘it very flat and come in a great variety of Colour, Surely Princess Elizabeth would not ave allowed them to predominate in her wed- 8 corsage had they not been worthy. set out to write random notes and, having read the foregcing, it sounds more like propa- ganda, but it is not meant as such, for, for the time being, I am selfish enough to want to keep this family to myself. Let me back away from the Odontoglossum family for a while and go back to my first love, the Cymbidium. We never stop learning. While my plants are as healthy as ever, during the last three years a yellow streaking or variegation has frequently appeared in the foliage of the new growths. They have grown, rooted and flowered as well as usual, but the fact remains that that yellow streaking is there. Some Sydney friends have said that it is mosaic. This I will not have, for I know mosaic is a killer, and plants do not from year to year grow and root as normal plants if they have mosaic. Three years ago I started’ using considerable quantities of tan bark and oak leaf mould in my mixture, and I feel that one of these is respon- ‘sible, and since other growers who use tan bark but only a little leaf mould have not as much variegation as I do, I put it down to the leaf mould. That great grower, the late Basil Hod- gins, called this condition “stomach ache,” and he was right. Next year there will be no leaf mould in my mix, although I am conscious that oak leaf is much stronger in manurial properties than any other. Perhaps I will plant a few check pots with a small quantity of a weaker leaf mould. I am going right back to red todea as a base with a filling of mountain soil, turf and tan bark. My plants never did better than when I used this mix. It may be that leaf mould can be freely used for outside growing, but should be restrained in glass house growth, for there is little doubt that the greater heat in a glass house brings about a more rapid, perhaps too rapid, release of the food contained in the leaf mould. What strides have been made with the modern Cymbidium and what a lovely display they make! I am glad that colour is now occupying its just place. I well remember having the temerity (when Westonbirts were the boom) to say that a collection of Westonbirts was not a collection of Cymbidiums. However, I was pro- tected by that long 600 miles from Sydney and many Melbourne growers supported my view. Of course, we all agree that the Cymbidium is seen at its best arranged in a glass house where the full grace of the long spike can best dis- play itself. It is nearly as beautiful in the house Page 46 in large jardinieres — seven or eight spikes to each vase. I have kept them for six or eight weeks in this way, then cut off the individual flowers and put them in a floating bowl where they still retain their beauty; but the Cym- bidium loses most of its beauty, in my humble opinion, when made up in groups of one, two or three flowers into shoulder sprays. Speaking of Cymbidiums, I am certain that the number of flowers we get is relative to the rapidity of growth in the spring. Those blessed with glass should use considerable heat until nature takes over the job, but those growing in the open are at the mercy of Jupiter. However, given a good start there is little doubt that the greater the aeration of the plants, the higher the percentage of flower, provided they get a good start in the spring. Thus, once spring re- strained its fickleness out-door growing could increase the percentage of flower. Reverting to my present craze, they are do- ing remarkably well, but will never stand the sukdivision given to Cymbidiums, and in con- sequence, it will take many more years for the desirable varieties to be fully distributed. I re- potted all of mine this year and on advice from England I cut down the leaf mould in the mix- ture to about one-quarter of that previously used. A few plants shrivelled after potting, but now they are growing vigorously and I look forward to much pleasure as they flower, for I now have 15 or 16 which cost between £25 and £75 each. 3 ; I have about eight Vuylstekeara. These I am informed are better than the Odontoglossum. They are a tri-generic family produced by cross- ing the Odontioda with the Miltonia. They are larger flowers than the Odontoglossum and have a far wider field of colour, and strangely, in spite of the Miltonia blood, have much longer lasting qualities. Speaking of the Miltonia, what a lovely Orchid it is! I have 10 plants, but six of these were good yarieties imported at a high price (for this family) and I always look forward to them flowering. They last quite a while on the plant, but wilt rapidly when picked. When the coloured plate of Miltonia ‘Maiden’s Blush’ (parentage unknown) appeared in a Lon- don paper, I wrote abroad seeking a division. I was informed that while it was a lovely Mil- tonia, better ones could be purchased at a frac- tion of its price, the reason being that when it received a high award at the last Chelsea Show, some Orchid authority said to a- journalist, “Maiden’s Blush, parentage unknown—wouldn’t the maiden blush.” This received world-wide AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 publicity and created a demand for the variety which carried it to record prices. Speaking of prices, Melbourne papers recently published a report of Orchids purchased at £500 each in England. I paid 50 guineas Sterling last year for Odontoglossum ‘Melbourne A.M. var. Susan.’ I cannot credit anyone paying 500 guineas for a plant, the flower of which they have not seen. Of course, I am aware that very high prices have been paid for Orchid plants in flower in Australia. I have made a number of Odontoglossum crosses and have four nice pods ripening, also one very good Miltonia cross, one Vuylstekeara and two Odontonia. I have lost a number of crosses and am certain that the loss is due to watering over the foliage. Water carries a mul- titude of fungus spores and after cross fertilis- ing a plant water should not be sprayed on the wilting flower. Fertilised plants should he hung where nor- mal spraying does not reach them. Until I did this, every Vuylstekeara cross died. I have only done one since and it has taken. The Vuyl- stekeara takes longer than any other Orchid to flower from seed—hence its price, but I under- stand that the Odontoglossum and Odontioda mature rapidly. These notes would be incomplete without re- ference to Cattleyas and Slippers. I am certain that the chief desires of the Cattleya family are firstly, a minimum temperature of 60d.F. with a humidity of about 70 per cent., secondly, to be protected from the glare of bright sunlight, and thirdly, to be protected from the owner who, out of sheer love for his plants, cannot re- sist giving them just a little water every time he looks at them. Slippers like cool, but never cold conditions, full shade in mid-summer and (apologies to the tan bark adherents) a mixture comprising chiefly red todea fibre and mountain soil, and strangely they are much more friendly to the free waterer than the Cattleya. Well, friends, thank you for relieving my boredom and perhaps you will excuse me if I use the Review occasionally to have a chat with you. @ As cymbidium buds emerge from the sheath wrap dry cotton wool around the stem and tie it below the bottom bud. If kept dry this will prevent slugs, snails and caterpillars from climbing the stem and chewing the buds and flowers. en ROU OA eT nl SR i AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED @ An illustrated folder and partial price list from Sanders (St. Albans) Ltd., England, con- tains 23 representative varieties, Cattleyas, Odontoglossums, Aerides, Epidendrum vitel- enum var. majus, Lycastes, Angraecums, Mas- devallias and highly coloured Cypripediums and Cymbidiums. Produced by the five colour pro- cess on art paper they are stated to be a fore- taste of those which will appear in the new Orchid guide, @ An interesting visitor by D.C.6 from Amer- lca recently was Mrs. N. R. Pamly, of San Mateo, California, who is a keen horticulturist, ing a member of the San Francisco and Hills- borough Garden Clubs. _ Local orchid growers were keenly interested iN a corsage of American grown cymbidiums of nice quality worn by Mrs. Pamly. The keeping quality of the cymbidiums was emphasised by the act that the corsage was presented to Mrs. Pamly on 29th March before leaving America. ¢ flowers were still quite bright and attractive ®n 30th April, at Killara, N.S.W. Mrs. Pamly mentioned that our cymbidium Owers had been appreciated in San Francisco ast season, having proved both attractive and satisfactory, Before leaving she had met our Patron, Judge Markell, with whom she had lunch and gained Much information about horticultural matters in Australia, particularly orchids. © Dendrobium x Gatton Sunray F.C.C— Mr. D. Hemmings exhibited a fine sample of this grand Dendrobium at the November meet- ing of the Orchid Society of N.S.W. It was tightly adjudged the best Dendrobium at the Meeting, This Dendrobium is a hybrid from the well- NOWn species Dalhousieanum and Chryso- foxum. It shows its Dalhousieanum parentage in ts wide lip with yellowish brown throat. ; The Chrysotoxum strain is shown in its pleas- ing light yellow petals. The two spikes carried bout 19 very large flowers on each. A well- 8town plant flowered in a warm glasshouse. Sanders (St. Albans) Ltd. address is Royal tchid Nursery, St. Albans, Herts., England. € report this because we have received a I : ans : etter from a reader requesting this information. l Page 47 As the result of seeing Sander’s advertisement in recent issues of the A.O.R. he addressed a letter to the firm. It travelled to three Aus- tralian States and finally was returned to him. The much-travelled envelope, now in our pos- session, is covered with postmarks tracing its wanderings. It didn’t get to Herts., England. @ Queensland Orchid Society.—List of offi- cers for 1949. Patron: E. J. Beard, 207 Cavendish Rd., Coorparoo, S.Ei2, President: Dr. Alexander Inglis, 400 Queen St., Brisbane. Hon. Secretary: 'T. C. Harveyson, G.P-.O. Box 2002X, Brisbane, Hon. Treasurer: J. P. McPhee, Carmody Road, St. Lucia, $.W.1. Hon. Technical Adviser: Prof. D. A. Herbert, 47 Adam- son St., Wooloowin. Hon. Organiser: Mrs. H. J, Schmutter, Blackwood Rd. Salisburv. Classified Adwertisements Minimum 2 lines, 5/-; and I/- per line afterwards. VALUABLE ORCHID PLANTS for Sale or Ex- change for Stamp Collection. 7 Tilba Ave., Bal- main. N.S.W. HYBRIDISTS Save Time and Money Make certain your seeds are fertile. Examine your seeds before planting for presence of embryo. é Inexpensive microscope suitable for Orchid culture, from ALEX HALE PTY. LTD. Optometrists & Opticians 194 GEORGE STREET Cnr. Royal Arcade BCPA “NEW AIR CARGO RATE ORCHIDS INI Di GUS ene ORVWVAESRES Sydney/Honolulu cscs. 5/11 per lb. weight aay alee Francisco wu... 8/4 ve lb. YS Fa British Gommontedith Pacific Airlines Ltd. 53 Martin Place, Sydney - Tel. BW2741 BES YO ARE INVITED TO "GREENACRES," VALLEY HEIGHTS @ Above is a shot from Cinesound pictures film of Mr. C. R. Deane's orchids at Greenacres.’ Taken from the homestead it shows some of the Orchid houses with the farm manager's home in the distance. All Orchid lovers should see this large collection in its beautiful mountain setting. Flower lovers can accept this as their special invitation to visit Greenacres display of flowering Cymbidiums from June to December. Cymbidiums in flower for sale at prices that will please. = sti cantatas a A at — iin citainai A section of our Flask House IT’S THE CLIMATE San Francisco's flower growing reputation is the result of it's naturally air Conditioned atmosphere. During our fifty years, we have found it quite easy to grow sturdy, healthy 0 1 e . . . ° tchid plants in our cool, clean, moist climate. Its all-year mildness permits _ °Ptimum orchid growing conditions to be maintaind in our glass houses. | LW, : EK. W. McLELLAN CO. BOX 289, COLMA SAN FRANCISCO, 25, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. | Exporters Orchid G mporters—Hypbridizers. TOWwers Page 50 : AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 K. 8. WALKER AND ASSOCIATES wish to thank collectors for their strong support in recent months, and assure them of a continuation of the same careful attention. No Orchid collector can afford not to try out our plants for himself. All sorts of uncommon plants are regularly distributed by us, as well as choice plants, flowered and unflowered, of the latest popular hybrids. Our Tasmanian friends can now book their erders through Mr. Alan Cruickshank, 72 Tolosa Street, Glenorchy. Remember, we can deliver Orchids to your door practically anywhere in Aus- tralia, the plants are good, and prices surprisingly low. Sander’s Hybrid List available shortly. Those on our Mailing List will be advised HEAD OFFICE: 45 MOUNTAIN VIEW RD., NORTH BALWYN, VICTORIA Telephone: WL3344 BLACK & FLORY Ltd. SLOUGH, BUCKS., ENGLAND ESD Are now happy to announce that their stock is now recovered from the hardships imposed upon it during the War years. No catalogue is being published just yet, but prospective pur- chasers are respectfully requested to state in what genera they are interested and approximately the number of plants desired to be sent. ee ares AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 P\ Sous | Page 51 orchids ss teed, We are the original pioneers and largest consignors of ecymbidium blooms to the United States. Our system of packing, merchandising and consigning is recognised in the United States as the best. We collect regularly throughout the season. RELIABILITY, SERVICE AND SATISFACTION. WE PAY CASH ¢ CONTACT US EARLY. * JB. MEPTCHELLEL 172 HARROW ROAD, KOGARAH, N.S.W. telephone LW 3 5 0 2 Page 52 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949, Orchids The SYDNEY A. SHEAD NURSERIES 61 HOMER STREET UNDERCLIFFE N.S.W. Messrs. Shepherd & Newman Pty. Ltd., printers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review,'' now have our catalogue in hand. We hope to have supplies ready for delivery during July. The main items featured in this catalogue will be:— 1. A list of all award winning Cymbidiums, Cattleyas and Cypri- pediums, with prices, and a description of each flower. 2. Six coloured photographs, and twelve black and white photo- graphs of the Cypripediums, Cattleyas and Cymbidiums con- sidered by the Orchid Society's judges to be the ‘Champions of Australia." 3. Articles, by our best growers in each State, giving expert advice on the best and easiest way to grow orchids. 4, Photographs, and articles, relating to 15,000 seedlings offered for sale, with full particulars regarding size and prices. Our Nurseries are now open from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. (Monday to Friday). Week-ends by appointment. Ring MA7924 wm aes - Seana wane — - << we - ~ oo EN A - ~ = sam aint een See ee a acct ian A ———— — es _ ~ —— 0s | | } | j | | ] | | | | gi a RO ee es inc in tS A NS A P AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Page 53 To: Orchid Societies and Cymbidium Growers in America The Nurseries of Sydney A. Shead, of Sydney, Australia, offer Cymbidium growers in America, South Africa, New Zealand and Europe a new avenue for the purchase of the finest varieties of modern cymbidiums which include plants that have gained Awards of Distinction and won Championships, and Grand Championships over a period of recent years. A catalogue is being prepared, and will be for- warded on request as soon as completed, covering a collection of some 20,000 plants, including 500 abso- lutely new varieties to you. These are considered by good judges and overseas visitors to be equal to the world’s best and will be offered at prices which con- stitute the best possible value. A description of each flower of the 500 will be included in the Catalogue. This catalogue is being produced as the result of numerous enquiries from Mr. Shead’s many American connections, with whom he has maintained business relations for many years. Correspondence is invited, and should be addressed to “Sheads Nurseries,” 61 Homer Street, Under- cliffe, Sydney, N.S.W. All enquiries will be answered promptly, and cata- logues mailed post free, together with the fullest in- formation regarding special varieties, prices, etc. The catalogue includes a list of Westonbirt varieties with prices within the reach of small growers. Good quality orchids including colour Hybrids in the most attractive shades are available at very reason- able rates with special concessions to nurseries and florists. Sheads Nurseries. Page 54 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 FOR CONTINUOUS HEATING HODGINS ORCHIDS P.O. Box 108 FRANKSTON (Vic.) Offer Genuine quality Cymbidium Hybrids to the beginner. Write for our Beginner's List. e Lists also available for the advanced grower. Here is a safe, steady, easily regulated glass house heating system that requires a minimum of attention. Easy to instal, inexpensive to run, the Ideal Hot Water Heating System has all the practical features needed by Orchid growers. The Ideal is a coke-burning boiler which burns QUALITY IN all night without attention. There are no fumes or gases ... nothing but pure warm air can reach your plants. Write, ‘phone or call for ORCHIDS quotes and full particulars. CYMBIDIUMS (hybrids) Fine Range Available ~~ IDEAL, YVR § © AWM ne => IF) y ) ) y) A y Inspection Invited on any day by YD Ute 8 LD BOILERS arrangement e SWANS LTD. L. H. NEWMAN Phone M4301 80 Provincial Road, Lindfield . _ SYDNEY, N.S.W. | 406-412 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY Tel. JX2803 Branches at Hurstville and Parramatta AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Page 55 _~————— ————————— | | | | | | Announcement | | THAI ORCHIDS | Vanda coerulea 1 Denisonian ] Miss Agnes Joaquim | | | | | " Hookeriana FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKSELLERS " teres, etc. Prices on application A Cultural Table | NARONG & SONS of | Rosa House, 74, Pramote 1 Lane, Suravongs Rd., | | Bangkok, Thailand. Cable Address: "ROSA, Orchidaceous Plants | | Bangkok" by J. MURRAY COX | Illustrated in Colour. 400 pages. HYBRID CATTLEYA PLANTS i From 10/6 No book of this description has been produced Easy Culture. Details since 1932. It is long overdue. The Table is comprehensive, embracing most MARK REYNOLDS genera and species known in a world-wide range 2 Oswald Street, Cremorne, N.S.W. of Orchids. Orchids are described and inform- XM2198 ation given as to origin, natural conditions and the most successful method of cultivation. There is a complete index which includes the K N UD SON'S AGAR correct botanical nomenclature as well as | (Formula “C”) synonyms, so that, where Orchids are known by | Test Tube Quantities—25/- doz., their popularly used names, they can be easily 180/- gross traced and referred to in the text. In addition, Flask quantities. Prices on application. there is a useful glossary of botanical terms. ther media to your own prescription. L The Table, in fact, might aply be regarded as an Outfits. ’ 5 i 5 Sterilised Seed-to-Agar Planting encyclopaedia of orchids which should be in the library of every Orchid lover. Further particulars on request. ] : W. H. BLACK 85 OXFORD ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W. Tel. FA7462 Price per copy: 4 guineas. @ Notice to Advertisers: All en sh Published by THE SHEPHERD PRESS YURONG STREET, SYDNEY N.S.W., AUSTRALIA quiries as to Advertising space ould be addressed to the publishers: 5 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW HEPHERD & NEWMAN PTY. LTD. YURONG STREET, SYDNEY | | q } | | | j i | Page 56 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 Orchids = Dendrobiums, other Anthuriums, etc. and many Inspection cordially invited any day (Sundays excepted) JOHN BISSET Orehids = We have a fine collection of all varieties of Orchids, including Cymbidiums, miscellaneous Orchids and glasshouse plants, Nursery: 48 Wareemba St., Abbotsford. WA1124 Private: 8 Brisbane Ave., Lindfield. JA8906 ORCHID BOOKS, ETC. Write for our catalogues of new and second-hand books on Orchids, gardening and other botanical subjects. Pre- sent stocks include—VICTORIAN ORCHIDS (Dickens) 3/9, post 3d. A CULTURAL TABLE OF ORCHIDAC- EOUS PLANTS (Murray Cox), col. & b/w. plates. £4/4/-, post 1/-. ORCHIDS FOR AMATEURS (Briscoe) illus. 13/9, post 4d. ORCHIDS FOR EVERYBODY (Hogg) illust. £1/5/-, post 6d. CHARM OF GROW- ING ORCHIDS (Gilbert) illust., £1 1/-, post 6d, ORCHIDS FOR THE OUTDOOR GARDEN (Darnell). b/w plates, £3/17/-, post 1/-. Orders now being booked for BRITISH WILD ORCHIDS (Jocelyn Brooke). A comprehensive survey of all known British varieties of orchidaceous plants. With illust. in 7 colours. Approx. price, £8/5/-. Also books on Natural History, Early Aust., Art, Collecting, etc. N. H. SEWARD PTY. LTD. 457c BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE MALAYAN ORCHIDS & EXOTIC Vanda Miss Joaquim, V. Cooperii, ¥Y. Marguerite Maron, Renanthera Coccinea, R. Storiei, Arachnis Alba, A Maingayi, A. Moschifera, etc., available. Price List sent out free on application. Also exporters of Malayan Orchid Flowers to Sydney per 2b. crate, including freight £4 prepaid. Holders of testimonials from Queen of Holland 1938, and Director of Kew Gardens 1939. THE GEM NURSERY 172, MOULMEIN ROAD, SINGAPORE Cable: "Gemnur" Phone: 7542 ORCHID LOVERS Ask for our TRADE PRICE LIST OF ORCHIDS, BULBS & LILIUMS. Quality goods, Lowest price, Good discount. Our best collection offer of 50 ORCHIDS for Beginners, £6, including packings and postage with Cultural Hints free. BHUWANI NURSERY PAKYONG, SIKKIM, N. INDIA Agents for the “Australian Orchid Review” in Great Britain Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown Limited, New Ruskin House, 28-30 Little Russell Street, LONDON, W.C.1, are carrying stocks of current and back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Readers in Great Britain should communicate with them regarding their supplies. ’ Notice to CYMBIDIUM GROWERS If you have any Cymbidium Orchid plants, back bulbs, or cut flowers to dispose of, please write of your offering. We are particularly interested in fine hybrids, either large plants or back bulbs. What have you? WM. SEYMOUR P.O. Box 535, PASADENA, CALIF. ORCHID CYMBIDIUM BOOKLET “Helpful Knowledge for the Beginner? Written by A. E. BROWN 47 Union St., Kogarah, N.S.W. Before you purchase any Cymbidium plants read this popular booklet—it should help you to save your cash. Sold by all Leading Booksellers. Price 1/6 Hybrid Back Bulbs and Roots and Shoots a Specalty. 5/- each. A RR SE a A SE A SS EN RR SE ee eee. Ig EEE EEE EEE Eee AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 The Orchid Society of N.S.W. Meets every Month: Y.W.C.A., Liverpool St. Opposite Anzac Memorial, Sydney MONDAY, JUNE 27 MONDAY, JULY 25 MONDAY, AUGUST 29 Patron: His Honour JUDGE H. F. MARKELL, “Kooyong,” Hastings Road, Warrawee, N.S.W- President: A. R. BEGG, 59 Drumalbyn Road, Bellevue Hill. Phone: FM6034 Hon. Secretary: J. C. DAVIS, 16 Jarrett St., Campsie. Hon. Treasurer: F. WHITE, 316 Parramatta Road, Burwood. Phone: UJ4026 Hon. Editor: W. WORTH, 4 Ward Street, Willoughby, N.S.W. Phone: XL3533 The Queensland Orchid Society Meeting Place: Miniature Rifle Range Building, Boundary Street, Brisbane. FRIDAY, JUNE 10 FRIDAY, JULY 8 FRIDAY, AUGUST 12 Patron: E. J. BEARD, Esq., 207 Cavendish Rd., Coorparoo, SE2 President: Hon. Secretary: Hon. Treasurer: Cc. T. WHITE HARVEY J. P. McPHEE 225 Main Street te & AE oo Carmody Rd. Kangaroo Pt. G.P.O. Box 2002 X St. Lucia, S.W.1 BRISBANE BRISBANE BRISBANE The Victorian Orchid Club Meets in the Independent Church Hall, Collins Street, Melbourne, at 8 p.m. MONDAY, JUNE 20 MONDAY, JULY 18 MONDAY, AUGUST 15 President: Vice-President: Hon. Secretary: R. VICK T. W. CAMERON G. E. FLOYD 32 Northcote Ave., 430 Bourke Street 25 Grandview Road BALWYN, E.8. MELBOURNE BRIGHTON, S.5. *Phone WF2365 MU4377 *Phone XB4966 Hon. Treasurer: A. C. DREDGE, 169 Cochrane Street, Elsternwick, S.4. The Orehid Club of South Australia Meets in the Builders and Contractors Building, 17 Waymouth St., Adelaide. MONDAY, JUNE 13 MONDAY, JULY 11 MONDAY, AUGUST 8 Patron: President: Hon Secretary-Treasurer: * Dr. M. E. CHINNER R. L. SMITH, The Premier, Hon. T. PLAYFORD 16 Olive Grove 17 Tavistock St., Norton Summit. HAZELWOOD PARK ADELAIDE. The Western Australian Orchid 7 Society ; Meets on the third Friday in each month. FRIDAY, JUNE 17 FRIDAY, JULY 15 FRIDAY, AUGUST 19 Wholly set up, printed and published in Australia by Shepherd & Newman Pty. Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney W. Worth, Hon. Editor. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1949 J. L. HUMPHREYS Twenty-four years experience in orchids, including service with Charlesworth & Company, Flandria, Armstrong & Brown, and a private estate in Germany. Member of The Orchid Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. Mr. Humphreys has just returned to England after a three months’ visit at Rivermont Orchids. It is our policy to have an exchange of visits by members of our executive staff between our American and English nurseries. In this way, the latest successful developments in orchid culture in Europe and the U.S.A. are introduced into the methods employed by both establishments. Now that Mr. Humphreys is back on the job at Orchidhurst, he is available to all of our clients who wish to consult him about any matter pertaining to the orchid cult. CLINT McDADE AND SONS RIVERMONT ORCHIDS SIGNAL MOUNTAIN TENNESSEE (a suburb of Chattanooga) ARMSTRONG & BROWN Orchidhurst TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT, ENGLAND ee ‘tit YY Ylldagy Ysldilddiyye We», Yl rrp oom “My Cif Lj SEPT. ISSUE, 1949 Published Quarterly Vol. 14. No. 3 pe THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES (INCORPOR- ATING THE NEWCASTLE ORCHID CIRCLE), THE QUEENSLAND ORCHID SOCIETY, THE VICTORIAN ORCHID CLUB, AND THE ORCHID CLUB OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Page ii AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 The Carrington Hf. Deane Annual Orehid Exhibition will be held in ANTHONY HORDERNS' FINE ART GALLERY on WED., 28th, THURS., 29th and FRI., 30th SEPTEMBER, 1949 * C. H. DEANE Girrahween N urseries 190 WOLLONGONG RD... ARNCLIFFE SYDNEY, N.S.W. - TEL. LX1106 ee eee A Book for all Animal and Bird Lovers Bush Animals of Australia By AXEL POIGNANT With Notes on Birds and Reptiles by J. R. Kinghorn, C.M.Z.S., and on Furred Animals by Ellis Troughton, C.M.Z.S., F.R.Z.S. Containing 40 pages, each 144 x 94 inches, of magnificent Original Photographs of the Animals of Australia. Price 8/6, including strong envelope for mailing overseas OBTAINABLE FROM ALL LEADING BOOKSELLERS OR FROM PIRGE:S*Ssyee na UIRiO:Ni Game Sela Rees Ea leven on Ye DING ERY eran N blo ek Wi THE SHEPHERD Grand Orchid Exhibition { : | in MARK FOY'S EMPRESS ROOMS on | TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SEPT. 6, 7, 8, 9 Admission Free — For full particulars ring in aid of the Rachael Forster Hospital “ NURSERY — Ph WAI124 JOHN BISSET NURSERY tarsi les Read “The Charm of Growing Orchids,’ by P. A. Gilbert—Price 21/- (post 1/-) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW Volume 14 SEPTEMBER, 1949 ~ The author of each article is responsible for the facts and opinions sorted ea pe CONTENTS KX \ : \\ \ d Culture of Orchids in Bees, Mie. igs ee a MY AA MEN ls ie GPS a Forthcoming Shows a ee ee re nn ee in 75 oN OT so te nel From the Editor’s Mail Bag Pr ane Bi ier a 73 Posh et ily af Leaf Mould and a Potting Mixture st ee igre e = 67 sm Tera ge More About Gravel Culture 3... Nel tes eh Mee a. 68 IMG, Mheehyty (ORS ss oe al tn a: on Pana 74 Orchid Society of W.A. Officers... Rohn ae sees kee he: 73 Orchids in England bo Mo age ie ia: boot ire isp sper 60 Orchids of Burma ss ..... wat Ru tae ib patos Sa 62 Our Winter Show TBs i a ec ne cette ok, 58 Oncidium Varicosum, var. Rogersii an “the Se Uy EN Uo 74 Tasmanian Jottings es ee ks Fas none Ai at ic Send 76 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Cattleya, Aureala dk uit ro phe ai = bs to 70 Cattleya 69 Cymbidium, family breeding chart 9°20 wn, sun etal ee he 70 Gymbidiutnse Bal kisemevateml: 1a Leanne set Cy ihe Bibel 72 Cymbidium, Goldcrest, var. Wondabah i Le at on i me) 72 Cymbidium, Historian, var. Lindfield Hh 28), GPRS LST ack 71 Cymbidium, Swallow, var. Soulangeana — ‘Sul tk bles Lage 71 wubseription Rates: Australia and New Zealand 10/- per annum; Overseas, 10/- sterling £T annum. Post free. Payable to Shepherd & Newman Pty. Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney. ee ee ee TAN BARK SPECIALIST Special Orchid Collection Offers A. SMITH Delivered Free by Air Express 65 NORTH ROAD, EASTWOOD KEN, ee Oy Gy RUNES te Dendrobiums, £10. All large, healthy, and at flower- ty rm ng size plants. Advance money not require Values Supplier to Leading Growers collected through Bank. New or Rotted. Only the best THE HERBAL HOME WM3675, WA9402 P.O. RHENOCK, SIKKIM 14, INDIA Page 58 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Our Winter Show Beautiful Orehids lighten the darkness of Sydney during first day of Strike RICHARD DART, Waverley, N.S.W. @ Through energy and the perseverance which refuses to admit defeat, the committee made a great success of our Winter show. All honour, too, goes to our exhibitors who had the courage to bring their best plants into a room that they knew could only be poorly lighted. I never knew before that flowers could look so nice in dim daylight. It was afternoon, 3.15 p.m., when we arrived: looking around it was at once apparent that the hall was never supposed to be used without the assistance of electric light; we were surprised on turning to the right at the door, to see several Cymbidiums looking very nice The first plant was a Lucy, a big white flower with four spikes with from 16 to 20 flowers on each, The plant was a large one, and Mrs. Douglas, the owner, deserves great credit for getting it in. The next space was allotted to Mr. Fred White, and what shone out above all tke others was his Catt. Loddigesii; its flowers looked magnificent, the light just suiting it— the sepals and petals were a soft baby pink with a mauve hue in it, the labellum had a dark blotch of viclet and was suffused with yellow in the throat—an excellent florist flower. Fred also had Cymbidium Guelda var. Belhaven, a very fine bronze and the early Minnabel (Isabel San- der x Alexanderii) which looks so like a Magog cr Emperor, and flowers at the same time as they dc—a big flower, broad lip, deep mauve colour and very much spotted, also Charm var. Elegance which required another week to look its best. Next in order was Mrs. Mary Barker (winner of novice Championship at our Spring Show last year) who had a very nice Arabella with two spikes of 18 flowers Doris type. Mrs. Grace Mitchell had thirteen Cymbidiums—evi- dently specializes in early ones. The best I thought was Skymaster var. Girrahween, a very deep rose colour, only five flowers, but good shape as well as colour, Acis var. Waverley looked nice, a lovely pink. Mr. Leo Giles’s Cymbidium Eva, a good green (scented), two spikes 18 and 21, Magog seven large spotted mauve flowers, -road lip. “Wylan,” a yellow green, fairly broad sepals and petals, 3 spikes. Mr. Leslie Newman Magog var. Princess, a good pink, 22 flowers, an- other of the mauve Minnabels with nine flowers, also four Cypripediums and a Zygopetalum. Mr. A. Begg. Cyp. Selene x Creslow, two large yellow flowers, very taking appearance. Lycaste Skinneri was also very well grown and the well- known Cyp. Ayot St. Peter, which always looks excellent; and Cym. Gogig (Gottianum x Gig- anteum), three spikes of real pink. Mr. E. A. Hamilton, Grand Monarch var. Exquisite, a lovely large green, and Magog, with four spikes. Ted tells me it had six, but he pulled two—a large plant, flowers deep mauve colour. Mr. Charles Hildebrandt had quite a big mixed collection. Cym. Ludlow Castle, a new one, soft deep pink, 11 flowers after Magog type. Gaye (Adonis x Giant Rose) a good pink, will look better in a week or two. Cyp. Jervis Bay, a flower of distinction. Cat. Heatherwood, deep mauve, purple lip. Cyp. Brita x Florey, another good one and two more Cymbidiums. Mr. Wil- liam Palmer: The evergreen Bill was in good form with twenty Cypripediums. This is his long suit. Cym. Constance and L.C. Augusta were only sidelines. I thought Cyp. Gwenpur var. Sym- metry looked best—a very nice large flower. Bill tells me that it originally cost about 70 dollars in America. Another good one was Cyp. Ogilvie x Westminster, and also St. Lawrence x Moorea. Mr. John Bisset: The redoubtable John was not in his best form, but his one representative, the popular early mauve Minnabel looked very nice with three spikes, a large plant. I didn’t see Jokn; he was probably at home busily potting up. 4.30 was too early for him. Mr. F. G. Spur- way: 12 Cypripediums. The ones that appealed to me most were Baldur (Holford’s var.) and Hillisden. Mr. Dave Hemming had one Odon- tioda—Carmelita, and several Cyps., Memphis, Eurybiades the King, and Gold Luna x Balaclava. The latter was not properly out, but gives pro- mise of being a champion; also Cymbidium Eva. Mr. C. H. Deane: A very classy lot of Cypri- pediums. Carrington is going to be very hard to beat as a Cyp. expert. Floralies var. Sunray x Kay Kay. The rich tones of this well known variety always appeal—a very popular Cypri- pedium. Others of distinction were Mursley, Mildred Hunter, Owlwick, Hyperion No. 3 (lovely pink dorsal) and Ayot St. Peter, another very popular one. Cym. Charm yar. Elegance required a week or two to look its best. Mr. A. 2 EEO { ; | | } | | | | | | | 7 7 | as eT I ea MB RS AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 pais: Regina. This Cymbidium looks some- ine like a Magog. Mr. Cecil Cambourn: Cyp. ympus, Cym. Lucy, 26 flowers of good texture au deep orange colour, a very nice flower. Cym. Vylan, another good cne. Mr. Carter had some hice Cypripediums, the best of which I thought was Festivity x Wargrave, a real classy one, ie also Den. Phalaenopsis, which looked really Se Mr. C. H. Russell, two Cymbidiums, xcamew and Letty.. Mr. Fred Moulen: Cymbid- tums Valhalla and Mariance. Fred is a bit in Oubt about the name of this latter one: a nice yellow with a good liv. Alan Birdsall: Three Cymbidiums, Sunset Lucastes, a yellow green, and Eva, the well-known early green with 26 ey this plant looked very beautiful, also Osefieldense. Sir Harry Moxham: Seeing Mr. ditor at this exhibit I suggested that owing to 's expert knowledge of Cyps. he relieve me of eens this excellent exhibit; but I. would bie to say that I thought L. C. Horace sur- d ee by a batch of first class Cyps. looked Sclightful. I have never seen a Cattleya that ;PPealed to me more. Cyp. Allure var. Nigrella, thought was perhaps one of the best that & ad ever seen. White Emblem, one of the few Ieee Cyps. we have had exhibited, certainly ; ed splendid. Mr. J. Carnemolla: One Cym- aaa Emperor. Mr. C. Morris: Seven Cypri- tums, the best of them Lady Kitty Laura and Ping also a small Odontioda. Mr. J. Allen: ur Cymbidiums, the best were Gen. Mont- Sy and Sunset Lucastes. Mr. W. Fahey: The ae that Walter could do was four Cypriped- ae Balaclava, Black J.M., Atlantes and Edna mate ones. Mr. L. A. Peaty. Three Cym- Vea Magog, Doris and Phylis Cursham. ioe t. W. Brierley: 12 Cypripediums. The fol- Bone looked best, Leeanum Mag., Hestia Mag. x ee n, Eventide and Trent (a very promising i ut not properly out), also a I4in. pot of is Se with 25 flowers. This looked very nice ee Mr. R. Richards: Cyp. Diana Brough- peed Mona, Cym. Lucy. Mr. Frank Slat- ine Cyps. and 6 Cyms. One of which, Grand Cate var, Exquisite, was selected as the best ae : tum in the hall. Well done, Frank. The 2 Thal; the Cyps, Eurybiades x Morea, Leeanum i aha and Mrs. Richards: Cyms. Magog (2), ieee Queen, a very nice deep pink, and a nice Y, and Grand Monarch var. Exquisite. Mr. dite Persson: A magnificant Dendrobium Un- atin ™m (5 feet high), and Odontioda Purpur- x Molyneux, scons indeed a great show under the circum- €s, and what made it great was the friendly a Page 59 atmosphere that prevailed. There were a good number of strangers, while everyone seemed to te enjoying themselves immensely and making good progress towards getting rid of the gloomi- ness of the political and civic outlook and the restrictions. This brought to thought some lines of a poem about a butterfly that seems appro- priate. “Gaily it flits on the path of the sun; Light as a zephyr it goes Pausing to rest on the tip of a flower, Nothing of darkness it knows: A butterfly gay, and so glad just because It’s forgotten the poor little worm it once was.” Yes, beautiful flowers do help to lift us up akove strikes and restrictions. Whilst krowsing among the exhibits I met ‘Mr. R. Dart busy with pencil and paper taking note of the good things for the A.O. Review. He suggested that I might supplement his report of the show with a few impressions of my own. Firstly, I was very impressed with Sir Harry Moxham’s grand exhibit of miscellaneous Or- chids and foliage plants which occupied the stage. It was full of quality. The two front rows of the exhibit consisted of some 30 or 40 brightly coloured “slippers” of excellent standard, mostly large flowers and all well grown. : These were backed up with Cattleyas, Van- das, Odontonias, Vulystrekeara, Odontiodas and Anthuriums. Some fiery red crotons and Diffen- bachias gave the necessary decorative effect. Laclio-Cattleya Horace appealed as one of the finest Cattleyas that we have seen in Sydney. It had everything that goes to make a good flower —large size, good flat broad sepals and petals. The three large flowers were a lovely overall “mauve colour and the deep orchid purple lip had a bright yellow throat. There were several un- opened buds on the other pseudobulbs. The bulbs were fat, shiny and a nice healthy green, with none of the shrivelling and yellowing that is so often seen. The flower spike was carried well, and the flowers displayed themselves to advant- age. Cypripedium Allure, in my opinion, was the next best flower in the group. Large and strik- ing in appearance, the flower was supported on a firm stem well above the foliage. The dorsal was glossy and heavily spotted. Both the above flowers were recommended for an Award by the judges. A white Cypripedium in the group was Page 60 admired. I did not get its name. Albinos are rare; this was a nice classy flower. Another cypripedium, Maori, gave promise of being a champion in size and shape. However, it was not fully out, and I would have liked to have seen it a fortnight later. One disadvantage of having official duties is that there is little or no time for conversation, and thus many opportunities are lost of person- ally contacting exhibitors even though your sleeve is pulled to attract your attention a score at times during the evening. I certainly wanted to see Maori again. As to my own exhibit it is sufficient to say that I got a lot of pleasure in being able to put together 20 nice modern cyps. Once again Mr. Spurway staged a very grace- ful display of mosses and ferns, amongst which: the cypripediums nestled. Particularly noticeable were Cappa Magna, Hillsden and an unnamed bright glossy large flower. Also in the group were several Zygopetalums. Mr. C. H. Deane’s exhibit too was a very nice one, mainly Cypripediums of tip-top quality. A very effective feature was the two plants of the variegated Sandievera var. Laurenti, which stood sentinel on either side, and the graceful Cocos palm var. Wedliana that occupied the centre back of the group. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 We missed Mr. Wally Fahey’s Cypripedium Grand Monarch this year, but he was represented with a small group of quality cyps. Mrs. Grace Mitchell’s cymbidium Skymaster var. Girrahween was greatly admired. Its colour, intense red with a darker red lip. Its small size, probably beat it from being adjudged the best cymbidium in the show. Charm var. Elegance this year was scarcely ready and the spikes mostly carried many buds instead of flowers. Having a weakness for good yellow “Slippers” I was naturally attracted by Mr. C. C. Hilde- brandt’s Grace Darling, a very lovely thing. There was a “double-header” among Mr. D. Hemming’s well grown lot of cypripediums— Eurybiades var. The King. Another fine, shapely flower in his group was Firebrand. Mr. C. Cambourn should be commended for allowing his hybrid “Slippers” to grow into such massive plants. By profession and inclination he is not a butcher. This was a most extraordinary show, what with lighting restrictions and the consequent necessity to use an array of assorted lamps, re- cord rainfalls, strikes and shortages, yet a show to be remembered for the quality of the exhibits and the good spirit in which it was taken and the co-operative effort of all concerned. —VW. Worth. Orchids in Ensland Wing Commander A. G. BOND. Goudhurst, Kent, England © The breaking-up of some of the large collec- _ tions of Orchids in England and the slow deteri- oration of others must not be taken as an indi- cation that Orchid culture is on the wane at Home. The contrary is the case. Changing con- ditions of life are reflected in all facets, even floriculture, but it is still in what were once known as the smaller country houses that the bulk of the valuable Orchids are held. Many of these collections have existed over generations. Tended with care, neglected perforce by death, wars, sold, inherited but to come into their own again. Orchids are as hard to kill as to grow well. Beyond the green lawn, often against an old weathered wall with fruit trees trained either side of it, leans the Orchid house, a refuge, sometimes a sanctuary, set peacefully amid kindly surroundings which two major wars could not obliterate. ; In the softly lighted interior a grey-haired man moves among his friends; that Coelogyne hanging over the pathway with its thirty droop- ing sprays he first saw in a forest near Mogok in 1919, the Vanda came from further south long before, the old man got that near Singapore; the Brassia Verrucosa, a hundred side-whiskered blooms came from Guatemala, a contribution from a son—perhaps one day he would come Home, drift around that greenhouse with the same parental love and care. The green-aproned gardener—old__ billiard- table cloth has a long life—hovers watchfully his interest is as great as that of his employer. The smoke from his cottage chimney blows across the yew hedge that shields the greenhouse from the north. Gardeners are more closely tied to country-houses in England than the owners in these times; financial exigencies may move the proprietor, but the gardener stays for the same reason, He tactfully guides the steps of the a l= sem ib RCE RINE PRIME II A A a I TORRE RI LR EN EAE TIL tt 3 NN ns aI AA st OE ee | | | ] : ] ] | | | | | | : i | a ee AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 “new man” and the good work goes on. Seed is sown in the mind as well as round the pot. The new man may be a lord of biscuits or just an- other colonel, but whether he likes it or not he 1s soon browsing over Williams’ Manual and try- ing to make an over-vegetative Cymbidium show its colours, Orchids are just not too easy to grow, and therefore those who love them are drawn to- gether in that healthy but competitive associ- ation that has made the English hybrids sought the world over. Some collections have gone over- Seas as a whole; many gems go abroad as “good Pieces” while the “best piece” still stays to watch its progeny rise to overtop it or remain in its shadow. Orchids are no longer the rich man’s preserve; the thing just to be acquired to beat the other fellow and then perforce neglected. Rich men are scarce anyway in England now, and the less endowed ones can get their “pieces” more easily. We like to think that it is an English trait to Stick at something that is a little difficult. Many 4 man who works all day at office or bench Knows the difference between a species and a hybrid, can feel a bit of compost and say whether I is right. An Orchid can cost but little more Than a geranium but anyone can grow geran- lums! , h Tom the postman has a six by ten house; he 4s begged, bought or exchanged many a proud nodding Cypripedium—Cypripediums that have breed, broad dorsal, wide petalled, fill a circle. Walker, the dairy-farmer, has a hundred dainty Ontoglossums, some would have cost a for- Tune fifty years ago; his wife likes the great Laclio-Cattleya illustrous variety plumosa best, a flamboyant heads are “something like” she . At Tattlebury, the Long House faces east in é ¢ walled garden; it is double glazed to save uel. The long avenue is shadowed by the great arcs of the Cymbidiums. The graceful cream pee of Avocet splashes the greenery; Swallow, Ouis Sander, Jungfrau, Adonis jostle their un- hel by no less worthy brethren, Bucking- at) Papillon—an F.C.C. is often like a D.S.O., nite by being seen at the right time. It confirms €'s opinion but does not lessen one’s belief in ‘ € greatness of less favoured blooms. One day €y too may join the elect—if not, their pro- seny will. Maths Little House tucked in the corner had Panes once, five inches wide, that was in 8tandfather’s time—it held Orchids then, but Page 61 only species and some excellent natural hybrids. Many of them goodly plants and well worth growing. Now it is rather a secret place; there are little plants there but they only have num- bers; some live in thumb pots stuck up like green-centred pimples all over the wirenetting; others are just a green mat in little glasshouses —flasks with but a mystic number which has to be chased through a leather-backed “Cash Book” to a Hybrid list before their lineage can be traced. Others are just globular, green tinged seeds on their agar bed, alive but not yet kick- ing. We only take the initiated into the Little House; visitors from far afield see all of course. Shakespeare’s English has been heard from Amer- ican throats, the excited tones of the Gaul have cut the heavy air, while we just drop the odd growl in the background: “It is a cross between two species—I think the first.” “It is what is called Potinara—a blend of four genera—may be good—may be an awful little ba-brute, time will tell.” Time does tell. A lead counts and it is hard to pick up. England still has the lead in hybrid- ization. The moss on the walls of the Little House was there when I could only just reach it: it has inherited something of the steamy, dark- greenery of the Malayan forest, something of the slumberous primeval fruitfulness of the Amazon basin; new life springs upwards from the mass of old life; that place is orchidacéous. It would be sacrilege to clean it—it is sprayed of course, and is clean by Ministry of Agricul- ture but not by laboratory standards. Flasks are sown elsewhere. Seedlings have appeared in the moss on the walls and graduated from ‘‘? Cypri- pedium StrayVI” to a real name albeit of par- entage unknown. : We wander into the houses before breakfast when the mist hangs diaphanous over the Weald —Andred’s Wood the Saxons called it—at night we slip over with a torch just to see “if the fires are all right” and between times we work and enjoy the glory that is enshrined in just one family of flowering plants—the Orchidaceae. ORCHID BOOKS @ The Orchid Society of N.S.W. desires to pur- chase books for its library. If you have one for sale or know where new good books can be procured, please write Mr. J. Davis, Hon. Secretary, 16 Jarrett St., Campsie, N.S.W. Page 62 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1947 The Orchids of Burma C. T. BOGG. Hollywood, W.A. Ex. Supt.. Govt. Botanical Gardens, Maymyo Burma @ Unusually rich in Orchids is the region of tropical Asia and Burma. This region is perhaps the most productive in genera of this family of plants. Typical of this region are the large genera Dendrobium, Eria and Bulbophyllum and many smaller genera including Paphiopedilum, Coelo- gyne, Cymbidium, Sarcanthus, Saccolabium, Aerides, Vanda, Calanthe, Liparis and Micro- stylis. / Orchids are naturally plentiful throughout Burma and it is not uncommon to come across the same variety growing at sca level and at higher elevations, say up to 5000 feet, and again in almost dry areas where the annual rainfall seldom exceeds 25in. to heavy tropical forests where 250 inches and more is prevalent. For an understanding of the conditions most favourable to Orchids a brief outline of the climate of Burma appears necessary. The rainfall comes almost entirely with the S.W. Monsoon (summer rain) beginning in May and ending at the end of October. The NE. Monsoon (winter rain) is very weak and brings little or no rain. There is consequently a wet summer season of about 5 months during which rain falls, and a dry rainless season of 7 months. The incidence of rainfall varies from over 250 inches in the south of the coutnry, very tropical with a high humidity, to 25 inches in the dry areas where humidity does not count at all; and then to 150 inches or more in the northern areas where conditions are again humid, but the dry season is much colder and frost are frequent. There are no frosts in the south and dry areas. Temperatures range from 65 degrees to 110 de- grees in the south, 45 degrees to 120 degrees in the dry areas and 50 degrees to 110 degrees in the northern areas. The temperatures in the hills, Shan States, are between 28 degrees and 98 degrees. Plant growth is luxuriant during the wet months and Orchids are no exception. In their natural state Orchids are found growing on the branches of trees, dead trunks, out of crevices of rocks, often in exposed bar- ren rocks and mostly in areas where a part of the year is unfavourable to vegetation, but as a rule in situations where humidity and shade abound. One or two species are partial to bright sunshine, but if there is one thing more than ancther which is fatal to their growth, it is stagnant moistures from which they are singu- larly free in their natural habitats. Like most plants, Orchids require a certain period of rest, when they cease to make growth. During this time they require little or no water or only sufficient to keep them alive. It is after they have had this rest that they are ready to blossom to advantage. It is usually during the resting period that plants are exported. There are certain areas most productive of Orchids in Burma; in the warm humid south, in and around Moulmein and the Thoungyin Hills in the Tennasserim, Dendrobiums are plen- tiful and we find such outstanding beauties as D. Dalhousicanum, D. fimbriatum, D. formosum giganteum, nobile, etc. There are some Aerides, Rhynchostylis, Vanda Bensoni and V. Roxburgh- iana, but the Dendrobiums predominate. Going up north in the dry central regions we have D. moschatum and D. Dalhousianum again, with huge clumps of Cymbidium aloifolium tucked away in the forks of branches of trees and a few of the Aerides and Saccolambiums. Between Shwebo and the northern territory we have perhaps the best produicing area in and arcund Bhamo. Dendrobium Wardianum, a re- nowned variety, together with D. nobile, D. thyrsiflorum, D. fimbriatum, D. formosum (a large white scented variety), and the peculiar growing D. Falconeri, with its long knotted string-like pseudo-bulbs. Cymbidiums are plenti- ful and old favourites like C. giganteum and C. Lowianum abound. Aerides and Vandas are again plentiful, particularly V. teres. In this area are also found small, but nevertheless attractive flowering types like Bulbophyllum, Cirrhopeta- lum, Erias, Renanthera, Phajus and Thunia alba and Marshalliana. The Shan Hills give us a comprehensive variety of all species. The chief beauty of this area is Vanda Coerulea, which is really magnifi- cent with its large blue and mauve-blue flowers. Sports white with deep pink have been frequently collected of this species in and around Maymyo. Dendrobes are also plentiful and are represented by the most common and large flowering varieties like D. nobile, D. crassinode, D. chys- anthum, D. thyrsiflorum, D. chrysotoxum, D. densiflorum and the small compact growing types like D. aggregatum and D. Capillipes. [2 RAE a ST a Se ee a Rt iN | Sn. a SA NT NRE RS I RR an LS AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Coelogynes are fairly common, also Pholidotas, Bulbophyllum, Erias, Rhynchostylis and no less than 8 Vandas. The Shan Hills also provide the best ground Orchids, which mostly flower dur- ing the rainy season. Chief amongst the terres- trials are Arundina bambusifolia, commonly nown as the Bamboo Orchid; and Cypripe- diums (C. bellatulum, C. Charlesworthii, C. arishii, C. Viliosum, C. hirsutissimum, the Parents of a number of present-day hybrids) are Plentiful. Calanthe, Eulophia, Habenaria, Phajus, unia and Spathoglottis are in abundance. abernaria sussanae is peculiar to this area, it 8tows about 6ft. high with a dozen or more arge peculiarly shaped creamy white flowers. ¢ Burmans have named this ‘“Padaing-ngo,” Which means “The Silver Smiths weep: because "hey cannot copy its beautiful shape in their Silver work,” a The flowering season is early spring right into € hot weather, i.c., from about February to April. In the Shan States with its higher eleva- on flowering continues up to September, when anda coerulea is at its best and the ground Orchids give us a wealth of colour and beauty. . Cultivation is simple; we try to produce ar- i: Cially, as nearly as possible, the natural con- pees under which they are found growing, hen embering that although they love moisture, sie, and shade, yet free ventilation, absolute Haphliness and thorough drainage are more essen- al to successful cultivation than anything else. th the matter of shade, it does not mean that i, “Tays of the sun are altogether excluded. What. di Necessary is that there should be an equal vision of sunlight and shade, such as is affor- ed by a tree. Tho few people grow their Orchids in houses. ae that do have a single lattice teak struc- € with spacing ranging from lin. to 2in. In meeain the epiphytes are grown on blocks of ha _wood charred on one side, or in wooden fa oe baskets; few are grown in pots, except a a public gardens. The Orchids are fastened tack € blocks of wood by means of copper wire aes every care being taken to spread the " peactenly over the block or slab, so as not er ealute them. The plants readily attach them- ayes to these wooden supports and go on atic and forming new roots so long as the allo Phere is kept moist and they are not Wed to suffer from dryness. draj hen pots and hanging baskets are used, om ales must be secured. The objection to pots askets is that it admits of insects getting at the roots. Pots are best staged on wooden Page 63 or masonry stands. During the resting period moisture is witheld, though pseudo-bulbs must not be allowed to shrivel up, and for this an occasional spraying during the very hot months is necessary. In potting epiphytes the materials used are broken brick and charcoal, the roots are placed on top of this mixture and not buried and then covered lightly with moss. Staking is very neces- sary, as once the plants are potted, disturbance, of roots and plants should be as little as possible. The ground Orchids are grown in well drained compost of 1-3 each leaf mould or stable manure, garden soil and old mortar. Charcoal and chopped cubes of cocoanut husks added to the compost will be helpful. Dried bracken fern roots are also useful where cocoanut is not avail- able. A top dressing of dried manure or liquid cow manure, when, and only when, flower spikes appear will be found beneficial Nearly all the Phajus, Cypripediums, Thunias, S pathoglottis, Arundina, Calanthe and Habenaria respond well to these conditions. In their natural state most are found growing in rich packed leaf mould under fairly dense shade. The Cymbidiums, in- cluding Cyper-orchis, flourish in the same pot- ting mixture as any of those already mentioned. No hard and fast rules relating to propagation can be laid down which could be successfully applied to every species, differing as they do so widely in point of habit and growth. It may, however, be stated that as a general rule, most Orchids can be increased by division, either of the roots or pseudo-bulbs. The best season for propagation is certainly just before the plants begin to grow, ie. about February. [A lecture on this subject was given by Mr. Bogg at the February meeting of the W.A. Sed of which he is now a member.—Hon. Ed. NEW ORCHID SOCIETY @ Another Orchid Society has been formed in Melbourne, known as Melbourne Eastern Orchid Society. Its aspirations are amply conveyed in the first paragraph of its rules and constitution, as follows: “Io promote the culture of Orchids, and to encourage affiliations and friendly re- lations with societies and clubs having similar objects in any part of the world.” The President is Mr. J. R. McArthur, well known to many Sydney growers; and Secretary is Mr. J. N. Rentoul. The Society meets on the last Monday of every month, in the Camberwell Town Hall, and extends a cordial welcome to new members and visitors, particularly from interstate. Page 64 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 The Culture of Orchids in England W. WALLACH, Canterbury, Vie. @ I have been asked by my very dear friend, Mr. Vick, President of the Victorian Orchid Club, to write a series of articles on the Culture of Orchids in England. Admittedly I have been fortunate enough to have been instructed extensively in their culture whilst staying with certain leading growers in England when on leave from the Royal Navy in the war years. This fact probably influenced Mr. Vick to prevail on me, as he realised that what I had learnt would probably be of some interest to growers here. In my opinion the cultural methods employed in England might well be adopted in Australia —at least in the southern States—with great ad- vantage. Every year I go from success to success, particularly with Cattleyas and Cypripediums. I. put this down entirely to the fact that clim- atically and as far as Orchids are concerned, there is not a great deal of difference in the con- ditions of southern England compared with those prevailing in the southern States of Aus- tralia. The cultural methods I learned in England I have adopted here in their entirety and only occasionaly such as on a hot north-wind day in Melbourne do I have to vary my methods, and that is not very often. I propose, therefore, to write a series of three articles which will appear in consecutive issues of the Australian Orchid Review. The first will deal with the cultivation of Cattleyas, the second with Cypripediums, whilst the third will deal with Cymbidiums and Odontoglossums and Odontiodas. I include the latter with Cym- bidiums as I think that generally speaking we are somewhat in advance of the English growers in the cultivation of Cymbidiums in Australia. If anything, some of the English Cymbidium growers might well learn from us. Odontiodas and QOdontoglossums are comparatively new- comers to Australia and as yet have only been tackled by very few growers here. I firmly be- lieve that they can be grown successfully in this country and are destined to become very popu- lar. I have permission to mention the names of the people with whom I had the pleasure of being associated during my periods of instruc- tion, and no doubt these names are familiar to some of you. Their kindness and generosity to me is something that will live in my memory for all time and they were never in the least bit concerned that probably I may discover trade secrets precious to each firm. The views and opinions I am expressing have been passed on to me by sound instruction in England or gained from practical experience in my own glass houses at Canterbury. The experi- ments I have conducted in my green houses have been watched very closely by Mr. Vick and generally I think I have captured his interest. A more fascinating hobby than the growing 0 Orchids would be very hard to find and these articles will have accomplished something 1 only they remove the wrong impression that Orchids are difficult to grow. On the contrary; they are one of the easiest of plants to cultivate provided they are given the right conditions. These articles will refer to the providing of these conditions and nothing else. Such conditions are easy to provide, but 50 many people seem to overstep the mark in this direction that invariably quite a number 0 failures are due to the fact that they either ovet or under provide the necessary requirements. Some even neglect them entirely and in despait lose interest as well as their plants. I can say unequivocally that Orhids are i? many respects like human beings. The analogy is more or less complete and I always recall the words of perhaps the greatest of all Orchid growers and one of my dearest friends in Eng- land, Mr. H. G. Alexander, with whom I had the joy of staying on many occasions. He woul repeat to me time and again: “If you want t? grow Orchids, then treat them like human be-— ings and you will never go wrong. Give them — what they need and nothing else.” In these few words lies the key to success and I pass them on to the beginner and would-be beginner 5? that they will not be afraid to commence grow~ ing Orchids. Cattleyas will stand any amount of abuse and they certainly will not’ give up the ghost without a great fight. In this article I am greatly indebted to the following people for their painstaking help an advice: — Mr. H. G. Alexander, of Westonbirt, Glos Mr. A. Budd, grower to Mr. Alexander. Mr. A: Ellwood, Managing Director of Charlesworth & Co., Haywards Heath, Sussex. Mr. K. Morri® head grower to Charlesworth & Co. The lat® Mr. Black, of Black & Flory, Slough. Mr. Flory of Black & Flory. A A ECS pA AL lg a. 7 A NN Se AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 é erates the popularity of the Cymbidium the reine is still the champion of all Orchids, all 7. popularity has never waned, and person- we doubt if it ever will. In England it is still : Popular as ever and in the States it has cap- ured the fancy of almost everybody. calle articles I am dealing entirely with is ws conditions these Orchids require and it x at any intention to discuss potting mixtures the # should state, however, that invariably at eos is osmunda and sphagnum moss; Wate. a are potted as tightly as possible. f should, however, be able to flow freely rough the compost. ck found that, practically without excep- fa € a of growing Orchids in England is oe or less standard practice throughout the try, and in only one or two instances did I : pees a slight departure from the accepted prac- t : now lead to the main topic of this article— ee gtowing of Cattleyas in England. I shall, €r to the firms of :— oa G. Alexander. Charlesworth & Co. Black Flory, eure to say tha the finest Cattleyas in the ats to-day would probably be found in these ee i establishments. Although there are other -known firms which produce some out- Standing plants. tak Alexander took me into his confidence asks aced me under the personal tuition of Mr.- a ra Budd who has been associated with the mies e or many years. Mr. Alexander even took A ap near Southampton to meet Mr. i se the grower to Baron de Rothschild. aA a Is is well known to readers of the Evglish Rh id Review for his cultural notes. He used € one of Mr. Alexander’s right-hand men. eat look at Mr. Alexander’s plants would a ai anyone to gaze in amazement. They are Teresita: of health, robust, green and well estab- de pee explained to me in the first place ante Pants were all of high value and out- dj aa or breeding purposes. Anything that i Ta up to the required standard was Raa is explained the reason for the close agar He attention each plant received. The Hehehe. pence lay in the providing of the Wa, sa wigions for growth. These conditions mons aye to provide in summer but a little factor Sule in winter. The most important Weathe y far was the study of the prevailing t—wind direction, humidity, cloud for- Page 65 mation and probable sunshine. In short, Mr. Budd had to be a weather forecaster and he watched that weather as he watched his plants. On a bright sunny day with light airs he would open up freely and let the plants revel in the buoyant atmosphere. An average of 70deg.F. was aimed at and when this temperature was reached damping down was resorted to in the mornings and afternoons. The blinds were re- moved on bright sunny mornings to catch an hour or so of early morning sun. This was closed again in the late evening. Air was admitted both “top” and “bottom” and what struck one on entering the Cattleya house on a bright sunny day was the freshness and airiness pre- vailing. The floors were of cinders—never use cement or concrete paths. In fact, Mr. Alexander pur- posely chose his site for his green houses over clay sub-soil. He concluded this would hold moisture better than a sandy sub-soil. The houses run north and’ south and are entirely closed in the north end to shut out cold winter winds. ' On dull days with chilly winds the houses are kept snug by reducing yentilation to a mini- mum, perhaps just admitting a “crack” of air for an hour or so. Fire heat would be on, but very carefully regulated. To maintain 55deg.F. in winter was regarded as satisfactory. Too much fire heat can damage the plants by causing too dry conditions at a time when little watering is desired. Excessive fire heat also encourages and breeds pests. Sel- dom in winter would bottom air be admitted unless to “sweeten” the atmosphere. No damp- ing down was attempted so as to avoid ‘“‘chill- ing” the plants. In spite of a dull cold day out- side it was remarkable how his houses were kept in a state of freshness and with a still some- what buoyant atmosphere. It is realised, of course, that with many of us here we are at business all day and therefore cannot give much attention to such details, but still we can judge the weather fairly accurately and so prepare in advance. Mr. Alexander would always make an inspection of his houses last thing at night to ensure that temperatures were satisfactory. Turning now from general conditions to the particular condition required for each plant, I found the same painstaking care was taken, al- though the plants were never “coddled.” Every day Mr. Budd would lift up each plant to test the pot for weight. He could gauge instinctively from the “feel” whether the plant wanted Page 66 watering or not, and if it did not it was not watered. Let me state this quite plainly. “Suc- cess or failure can lie in the way you water.” Don’t let plants become lazy like we do when life is easy. Make them “work” by searching for water, but see they get all they want and no more at the end of the search. In other words, water in summer, and water well, once every fortnight, but if hot drying winds prevail then water once a weck, but mever oftener. In winter I have found that my plants are not really dor- mant and so they still need water. Once a month should be sufficient (in Victoria), and warm the water to about 70deg.F. beforehand. I now pass to Charlesworth & Co. where I worked on many an occasion, There I saw a vast array of Cattleyas, Despite the war they looked well. It was no wonder, as their head grower, Mr. Keith Norris, who is one of the finest men I have met, is a most capable grower and a man who knows his subject thoroughly. The tech- nique employed by Charlesworths differed very little from what I saw at H. G. Alexander’s. The’ same daily weather observations were made. A record is kept of daily temperatures by means of a maximum and minimum thermometer and a hygrometer to obtain the relative humidity at certain intervals. The professional grower in Australia might well be able to do all this, but for many of us away at business each day it would not be possible to carry out all this de- tail. But when it can ke done it more than repays the grower. Everyone should install 2 maximum and minimum thermometer in his glass house and set it daily. Charlesworths have several very large houses devoted entirely to Cattleyas. These large lofty houses enable the plants to enjoy conditions ap- proximating their natural environment. Light, airiness and humidity can all be pro- vided by the correct construction of the green house. Their seedling houses are small and cosier as seedlings seem to prefer “snug” con- ditions. I have certainly found this to be true at Canterbury. Charlesworths are very particu- lar to avoid cold draughts of air and the layout of their houses guards against this. Each house opens on to a common corridor which is also heated. I have seen plants turn black overnight because of a chill caused by a draught or by being too wet. The aim should be to get your plants quite dry by nightfall. Although a chill may not kill a plant it will certainy give it a severe check and eventually the leaves will fall off. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Over-watering in winter will do the same thing. The simplest way then to kill a Cattleya is constantly to over-water it. So make your plants get “thirsty” in the same sense as we get thirsty. We only drink when we feel the need, therefore, see that the plant’s “thirst” is satis- fied and no more. A plant can only absorb a certain amount of moisture and if it is continu- ally damp trouble can be expected. How does one tell when a plant is not receiv- ing sufficient water? The answer is to be found in the state of the back bulbs. If they are “plump and healthy” then the plant is receiving sufficient moisture. If they are “drawn” then the supply. of water should be increased. The use of a»syringe is in- dispensible. Charlesworth’s syringe between the pots daily which has the effect of providing surrounding moisture and yet at the same time keeping such moisture actually away from the plant itself. This is particularly necessary in winter time. I should like finally to refer to the firm of Black & Flory. The late Mr. Black was a very close friend of mine as is his former partner, Mr. Flory. In their’ extensive nursery Black & Flory have an excellent range of Cattleyas, Cyp- ripediums and Cymbidiums. The late Mr. Black was a keen hybridist and a man of exceptional ability and talent. The same technique in growing was also em+ ployed by this firm. It had often occurred to me that the various growers must have in some way graduated from the same “‘school.” The same methods were employed with the same suc- cess, One would never see plants hanging up near the glass or potted in baskets. The commercia growers had no time for these methods. All the plants were grown invariably on level benches about 3 feet from the ground with open slats and a moisture tray approximately nine inches directly underneath. . Coke breeze and ashes were used to provide moisture. Sometimes shell grit was used. The syringe is employed freely and on suitable days the plants enjoy an over-head spray. The seed- ling houses of Black & Flory, in common with other growers, are small and snug and one could not find healthier seedlings anywhere. If these methods I have described in the nur- series in which I was a “student grower” coul be adopted by amateurs in Australia then I am confident that the languid, yellow-leafed Cattle- eyas I have seen here so often would soon spring into life again and really become a joy to the a a a IPMS EE A NAR A A Te AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 grower. With my own Cattleyas the results pare keen outstanding, but I am still only half- ay. In time I shall certainly reach the gaol of the nglish standard and with our climate J am confident that any grower could do the same. Every Cattleya growth in my house this year as surpassed last year’s growth—due entirely to the methods I have described above. ” Finally, I must refer to the construction of the glass house. Even in England where light is less intense than in Australia, Cattleya houses are built without side lights. In other words the toof comes right down on to the walls. Bottom and top yentilators haye been installed and Page 67 houses so built are ideally suited for Cattleyas. It would be the ideal house in Australia, too, where glass culture is necessary. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED @ “Philippine Orchids,” from Mona’s Botanical Garden, Rizal City, Philippines. Seven pages of description of various orchid genera and species, also a price list quoted in United States dollar currency. The list includes Aerides, Arundina, Coelo- gynes, Dendrobiums, Cypripediums, Phalaenop- sis, Renanthera, Spathoglottis, and Vandas, of which V. Joaquim and V. Sanderiana are best known to Australian growers. Leaf Mould and a Potting Mixture A. BIRDSALL, Blakehurst, N.S.W- @ Since I was of an early age, my parents have n interested in the breeding and importation stud Jersey cattle, and this has given me 8teat opportunities to study and experiment with Plants, and agriculture in general. I was never so happy as when my parents gave me a threepenny packet of flower seeds and a small garden plot to grow them in, but somehow Or other, until a few years ago, I did not realise OW easy it was to grow orchids. Whilst on a holiday, I happened to meet a €en orchid grower, who invited me to see his Collection. Up till that time, I was under the ‘Mpression that all orchids were grown in heated 8lass houses, but upon seeing that they were 8towing under bush house conditions, I decided to buy'a few Cymbidiums to see what I could achieve, f After a few years of expermentng with dif- €rent type of potting mixtures, I find that the One I used last year has given best results. dee ene growers find it difficult to pur- ase the ri ~ ing cats ght type of leaf-mould for growing My usual practice is to invite a couple of ers to assist me when gathering my supply. take the back seat out of my car, take half a zen cornsacks, and drive to a spot where the Country is of a volcanic and fertile nature. This Spot can usually be found in a gully where there 1S an abundance of tall trees and thick under- 8towth. I have no preference for leaf-mould fom any particular tree, as all our native trees Seem satisfactory. I find that the leaf-mould is Usually banked up behind fallen logs or rocks and can easily be gathered and bagged. At this of stage I usually provide my friends with a little bottled refreshment, and this bolsters up their strength to carry the leaf-mould up from the gully to the car. On arriving home, I empty the whole of the contents of the six bags on my garage floor, spreading it well out. I then add about 28lbs. of coarse bone chips, 4lbs. blood and bone, six bags of well rotted tan bark and six bags of fresh new tan bark, six bags of well rotted cow manure, and two bags of very coarse river sand. The amount of sand depends on the nature of the leaf mould. If a heavy, sticky type is used, more sand is needed, but if a sandy natured leaf-mould is used, it is not necessary to use so much sand. I mix the whole of these ingredients together by shovel- ling them from one end of the garage to the other, and back again. This is very necessary, as I think that blood and bone must be thoroughly dispersed through the mixture. I then wheel it out to a nice sunny spot near the orchid house and well sprinkle the heap with hydrated lime. It is left in this heap to sweeten and mature for at least 3 months before using. If the mixture is still too heavy, I add a little more new tan- bark. I find that this amount of potting mixture is sufficient for one season and the following types of orchids grow very well in it under bush- house conditions: — Cymbidiums, Zygopetalum Mackayii, Odonto- glossum Grande, Lycaste Skinneri, Lycaste Dep- pei, Coelogyne Cristata, Stanhopea Tigrina, etc. My bush house has a north-easterly aspect, Continued on page 76 Page 68 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 More about Gravel Culture A. R. PERSSON, Mosman, N.S.W. @ In the issue of September, 1948, of the A.O.R. there appeared an interesting article on the use of artificial feeding of orchids. The formula for the fertilizing salts is probably as good as any. However, it is considered necessary if you use an inert growing medium such as gravel to pro- vide a number of “Trace elements.” These are ‘boric, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. With the exception of iron the quantities of these metal salts are extremely small. These trace ele- ments if used too liberally create a toxic con- dition. Experiments seem to prove that there is no need to provide for any “trace elements” if the growing medium is osmunda or similar fibre, tan bark, leaf mould, etc., since these materials already contain these trace elements in ample quantity and variety. Unless rain water is used an appreciable amount of these metal salts is in solution in the ordinary water supply. Considerable experimentations have taken place, especially in U.S.A., in recent years with a view of deciding the best means of artificially feeding orchid plants. In American Orchid Cul- ture, by Edward A. White (1942) the subject has been treated at some length. In the 1948 Summer issue of Orchid Lore, published by The Houston Orchid Society of Texas, an interesting article appears on ‘‘Nutritional Studies with Orchids,” by Orris R. Evers and Alex Laurie. These experimenters are working with Cattleyas mainly, whilst White refers principally to Dr. Eversoles’ work with Phalaenopsis. The Amer- ican Orchid Bulletin (issued by the American Orchid Society) has referred from time to time to interesting work carried out by members, and some of the larger institutions such as the Mis- souri Botanical Gardens. _It may be stated that the concensus of opinion seems to be that it is fairly immaterial what Standard Solution is used as the results are nearly uniformly the same. The addition of Vitamins do not appear to have brought any beneficial re- sults. I am inclined to regard the following formula as being as good as any:—Wagner and Poesch’s W.P. Solution: Salt Grams per gallon Potassium nitrate KNO3 2.63 Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2 SO 44 Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4’ 7H20 2.04 Monocalcium phosphate, CaHy (POs) 2 - ?H0 1.09 Calcium sulphate CaSO, ’2H2O 4.86 Add: Iron Sulphate, FeSO, ’7H2O;, .5 gram per gallon of solution. Manganese sulphate, MnSO4. Use a 1 per cent solution at the rate of 2.5 cubic centimeters per gallon. This solution will have a pH value of 5.5 to 6.5 withcut the addition of acid or alkalis. It is frequently recommended to use this solution at half strength but rather more often. Then we have the old standby, Knudson’s B or C solutions. The former has been used more or less exclusively the world over when raising orchid seedlings on agar in flasks. These well known solutions seem useful as feeding mediums for those who wish to tinker with involved for- mulae and the “scientific approach.” My view is that the average grower will achieve his pur- pose in the simplest manner by submerging a bag of cow manure under water in a large wooden tub. The inclusion of some fowl manure will. add some more nitrogen if pepping up is re- quired. The water will be sufficiently rich in about three weeks to use 1 part to 3 parts tap water. By containing the manure in the bag the messy part is avoided. Whilst I am of the opinion that any Orchid will appreciate a little feeding now and then, I am equally convinced that liquid feeding of any kind must be done with discrimination. Strong solution can do great harm. It is one of those cases where ‘“‘twice as strong is. not twice as good.” If any reader has had any appreciable experi- ence in gravel culture, it would be interesting to hear the results. The only substantial benefit from the use of gravel would be the perman- ency. The constant repotting that we indulge in because the fibre has gone soggy robs us of time and the plants of roots. Given a large pot or bed the roots may roam about the gravel for years. But since the gravel is inert and has no feeding value of its own the problem of provid- ing adequate nourishment assumes the greatest importance. Similarly it becomes important to pay due attention to the “trace elements”’ in or- der to provide a balanced ration. These latter problems are avoided when using the pom tan bark, leaf mould or fibre. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Page 69 C. HANDYANA x BR. C. VEITCHII var. NOEL A.M. 1948, O.S. of N.S.W. Grown by N. MacDonald, Summer Hill, N.S.W. Flower eight inches across petals. . >) ° ° Don't miss it! Thousands of Orchids in a glorious display at the Orchid Festival TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1949 WEDNESDAY, Z2ist SEPTEMBER, 1949 THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1949 Town Hall, Sydney From 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. each day SCHEDULES AVAILABLE NOW JOHN DAVIS, Hon. Secretary, Orchid Society of N.S.W. Page 70 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Cattleya Aureala Grown by Mr. E. C. Maloney, Ait- kenvale, Townsville, North Queens- land. The size of this good shaped flower is about Y or 6 inches across the petals. The cclour, light mauve scpals and petals, labellum a decper mauve with deep red-purple mark- ings, paler at the edges. The plant arrived from England a few years ago. The present very beautiful flewer was the first taken from a back-cut about three years old. The plant is of vigorous habit with good progressive growths. It was grown in a bush-hcuse lightly shaded with palm leaves and potted in poly- podium peat. Cymbidiums. Family Breeding Chart BALKIS L. de Rothschild 1934 (fae. ae ee | Alexanderi Rosanna | Holford 1911 | Alexanders 1927 eburneo-Lowienum insigne Alexanderi Kittiwake Holford 1911 | Holford 1920 eburneo-Lowianun ~ insigne d Gottianum Holford 191¢ Sander 1911 insigne Parishii ebur- insigne Sanderae neun AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Page 71 PERSONNEL Hon. Editor: W. Worth, 4 Ward St., Willoughby, N.S.W. Phone: XL3533 Associates VICTORIA: QUEENSLAND: SOUTH AUSTRALIA: TASMANIA: WESTERN’ AUSTRALIA: R. Vick Trevor E. Hunt M. Hill H. J. Exley J. S. Bridgeman 32 Northcote Av. 15 Challinor St., 26 Blanche St. 5 Bedford St. 49 St. Leonards Ave. Balwyn, E.8. Ipswich. Gawler New Town West Leederville. — Articles, photos, and drawings are invited, and may be forwarded to any of the above gentlemen, for publication in the Australian Orchid Review. Cymbidium. Historain, yar. Lindfield. Highly Commended Certificate 1948 O.S. of N.S.W.- Slightly flushed pink sepals and petals, red markings on lip. A daintily coloured flower. Swallow var. Soulangeana. H.C. 1948 O.S. of N.S.W. White, flushed pink with heavily marked mauve, pink lip. A very popular Cymbidium. Page 72 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Goldcrest var. Wonda- bah. H.C. 1948 O.S. of N.S.W. Yellow, flushed red sepals and petals, brighly marked red lip. Its bright colour makes it conspicuous. Balkis, var. Luath. H.C. 1948 ; O.S. of N.S.W. Sepals slightly flushed pink, petals show: traces of delicate green, deeply flushed pink lip with darker spotting. A really nice Orchid. The four Cymbidiums _ illus- trated are about } inch less than actual size and the official phctograph. ee i | | | j | : | | i j j | | ~ tama AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Page 73 From the Editor’s Mail Bag @ I would like to say that I enjoy receiving the A.O.R. very much. Many of the articles bring to mind incidents and people I had the pleasure of meeting while in Australia during the war years. Also I wish to extend my appreciation for your assistance in helping promote the Philip- Pine Orchid Review. Reg. S. Davis, San Diego, California. ®@ My experience this season in the flowering of Cypripedium Insigne, grown in broken gum tree shade, may be of interest to readers. ree of the flower stems each carry two blooms; all the “doubles” being at least of nor- mal size. There is no suggestion of two original Stems subsequently conjoining; the blooms hay- ing developed one above the other on a single stem, Although novel, and certainly a great fillip to the enthusiasm of a novice, I understand this is Not altogether unique; and may be related to seasonal conditions at the stage of embryonic Ower formation. The fact that my insignes in Previous years have never produced ‘‘doubles’’ would seem to indicate this. Perhaps the experience of other growers has een the same; in which case a correlation of data might enable the deliberate development of double Cyps. by design, rather than by what I Must admit to have been in this case, mere chance, C. B. Hayes, 16 The Battlement, Castlecrag, N.S.W. @ Have just read through the June, 1949 issue of the Australian Orchid Review, and the para- 8taph on page 47 about Dendrobium Gatton Sunray, F.C.C., caused this activity. I would Point out that the fine plant exhibited by Mr. - Hemming is not the result of crossing Den. Dalhousieanum with Den. chrysotoxum. The Correct parentage is D. Dalhousieanum (luteum) x illustre. Colman 1919. D. illustre is D. chrysotoxum x D. Dalhousie- ‘num. Veitch 1895. Re Den. Dalhousieanum, although this name would appear to be in general use, my rather ancient Sanders Orchid Guide lists it as Den. Pulchellum with the name Den. Dalhousieanum as a synonym. 2, L. Hayes, Campsie, N.S.W. ® Extract from letter of Miss W. Vanderplant, uelzic, M. Kondeni, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa: “I find my pocket limits any extravagance in buying at high prices most of the orchids adver- tised by growers, but no doubt, there are lists of quite reasonable priced easily grown ones. If any of these are on the market at any time, how can I learn of their sale and will they not have been snatched up before an order from Natal reaches the sender.” @ Miss M. Burrows, of Launceston, Tasmania, writes, that in her new glasshouse, four plants of the tobacco family have come up and are now five feet high. She has left them there as the flowers attract the small white Blight Flies, and kills them. The strange part is that to her knowledge it is over 30 years since they had these plants grow- ing in the garden. In seeking a solid bottom for the foundations of the glasshouse, it was necessary to go down about seven feet, and a lot of the soil so removed was thrown back to build up the floor level. Ap- parently the seeds that had lain dormant all those years were thrown back with the soil. The plants are covered with white flowers and seed pods. ; @ I was looking for formulae for nutrient solu- tion for gravel culture. The article by W. H. Sprague in the A.O.R. of Sept. 1948, is anything but clear. No reason is given for using more pure chem- icals than commercial ones. To the uninitiated pure chemicals would ke stronger than commer- cial ones. There is evidently an error in the para. follow- ing that headed ‘Stock Solution B. I should say that § gallons in line 6 should be 1 gal. and that the whole article is inside out as it refers to commercial v. pure chemicals. Yours faithfully, Alan. Cruickshanks, 72 Telosa St., Glenorchy, Tasmania. THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA : @ Meets third Friday in each month at Royal Agricultural Society’s Rooms, 18 William Street, Perth. Patron: His Honor the Chief Justice, Sir John Dwyer, K.C.M.G. President: Russell Wright, 74 Lawley Crescent, Mt. Lawley. Vice-Presidents: H. M. Mercer, J. E. S. Ham- mond, S. P. Hall, A. Ewens. Hon. Secretary: G. F. Arndt, 175 Tenth Avenue, Inglewood. Hon. Treasurer: W. E. ‘Barnes, 36 Stirling Highway, Nedlands. Visitors and prospective members are welcome. Page 74 My Lady’s Corsage Some Hints on How it is Made @ In regard to the letter from one of the readers of the Australian Orchid Review and published in the December issue requesting an article on Orchid shoulder spray making. I would suggest that the spray, whether it be of 2-3-4 or more blooms be made of one kind, of Orchid of pale colour such as clear pink, clear yellow or white and not an assortment of colours or varieties. For the wiring of the spray I like two strands of fine florist wire for each Orchid if they be of the small or lighter type, but if the Weston- birts or heavier blooms are being used a thicker wire (1 strand) is preferable. I suppose it is scarcely necessary to mention that florists use a specially manufactured type of wire and that ordinary wire is not at all suit- able for floral work. For the assembling of the spray I like to wire the topmost flower with a long firm wire the full length of the spray. This becomes what may be termed the backbone; then wire the rest of the blooms on to this wire shaping it as you go along. When this is finished add your em- bellishments where you think they are most needed or will be most effective. These may consist of maiden-hair fern, looped ribbon grass, selected small, colourful begonia leaves or rib- bon. One important point, in my way of think- ing, is the way one wears an Orchid spray. I have seen so many wearing really well-made sprays upside down, which I think takes away the beauty of the Orchids as the blooms do not show to the same advantage as when worn the right way up, that is, the stem should be down. OF course, if the Orchid flowers are big and of firm texture it is possible to so construct the spray that it can be worn reversed, but in most cases with average flowers the petals of the Orchids will sag. However, whether worn up or down the spray should be pinned in neatly and at least 2 large pins used. Lastly, the advantage an Orchid spray has over other flowers is its lasting quality as it can be worn several times and will keep fresh for so long if properly cared for, and when it does droop the flowers can be revived and stif- fened by placing them right under water for a couple of hours. Some may think it an extravagance to buy an Orchid spray, but they perhaps do not realise how these flowers last, whereas a spray of or- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Oncidium, Varicosum var. Rogersii @ Referring to your request to describe for the readers of the Review my method of culture of the plant of Oncidium Varicosum var. Rogersii, for which the Orchid Society of N.S.W. granted a Cultural Certificate, the following is the method I have given to our Registrar of Awards. “For the past two years the plant has been grown on a slab of tree-fern fibre, which was kept hanging in a lath bush house for the whole of the period except for the last three months, when it was transferred to a glasshouse to mature the flower spike. During the summer months sphagnum moss was placed on top of the slab of fibre, in an effort to maintain continuous moisture. The plant was watered practically every day during the hot summer months. As winter approached the moss was removed and, except for an occasional watering in very dry spells, the plant had to then rely on the natural rainfall. “Root action was observed right throughout the cold weather, though much slower than dur- ing the hot weather. No manures in either solid cr liquid form were employed in any way what- scever.”’ In addition I might say that this is the first plant of this specie that I have flowered, and possikly cther growers of wider experience have kad similar or better results, but it does appear definite to me that pot culture does not suit this orchid; also it must have constant moisture during the growing months. The root system on my plant was never dormant, the roots being active even though the thermometer dropped as low as 34 deg. The bulbs increased in size from 1} inch to 3 inches high, and in diameter from 4 inch to 1} inches. The spike was branching, with eight branches, the total length being 42 inches, carrying 115 flowers. The width of the labellum varied from 1 inch to 14 inch, according to the age of the flowers. The dainty yellow flowers nodding on their slender stem resemble a mass of butterflies in flight. Leo Giles. dinary flowers, although less costly, will wilt in one wearing. (Mrs.) AMY M. WORTH. I TED ET AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Forthcoming Shows @ The Western Suburbs Orchid Society will hold its 5th Annual Show in the Haberfield School of Arts on 10th September, 1949, 4 The Eastwood and District Orchid Circle— September 9-10, in Epping School of Arts. The Orchid Club of South Australia.—Sep- tember 19-20-21, in the L. C. L. Hall. The Orchid Society of N.S.W.—September 20-21-22, in Sydney Town Hall. The Sydney Orchid Club, September 17th, in Marrickville Town Hall. Classified Advertisements Minimum 2 lines, 5/-; and I/- per line afterwards. WANTED.—Leading Bulb, Soulangeana, Eagle var. Elizabeth Ann. Replies to H. G., c/- Aus- tralian Orchid Review. FOR SALE.—Cymbidium Hybrid Orchids, £5 per doz. plants (2 bulb), £10 per doz. plants (2 bulb flowering size), better class and high quality plants at reasonable prices. Mail orders receive prompt attention. Inspection Saturday afternoon and Sunday only. Tremorva Orchids, 24 Murray St., Lane Cove, N.S.W. EXCHANGE. Collector willing exchange choice Cymbidium Hybrids now in flower. WX2772. Orehids DECEASED ESTATE for IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL Well known Cymbidium collection which for years has been subjected to the severest culling and now comprises approximately 500 plants which had been retained for their exhibition qualities, colour, flowering habits and general excellence. WESTONBIRTS. MODERN’ HYBRIDS. AWARD WINNERS Apply in first instance to:— A. JEWELL 9 Burrabirra Av., Vaucluse, N.S.W. Phone FU9962 or WX2080 Page 75 FOR CONTINUOUS HEATING Here is a safe, steady, easily regulated glass house heating system that requires a minimum of attention. Easy to instal, inexpensive to run, the Ideal Hot Water Heating System has all the practical features needed by Orchid growers. The Ideal is a coke-burning boiler which burns all night without attention. There are no fumes or gases .. . nothing but pure warm air can reach your plants. Write, 'phone or call for quotes and full particulars. IDEAL MEST BOILERS SWANS LTD. Phone M4301 406-412 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY Branches at Hurstville and Parramatta Page 76 (Continued from page 67) My bush house has a north-easterly aspect, and receives the full benefit of the sun during the day, and is well sheltered from southerly and westerly winds. The plants have little covering overhead dur- ing the winter months, but as the sun becomes hotter in summer I cover the top of the bush house with three or four thicknesses of camou- flage nets. Then in autumn I remove them one at a time until there is only one left which en- ables the plants to again receive the full benefit of the winter sun. The pots stand on benches about 18 inches from the ground, which are made of 2 x 1 hard- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 wood battens, spaced about 2 inches apart; this allows plenty of aeration and keeps the potting mixture sweet and open. I can thoroughly recommend this mixture to any person growing their orchids under the same conditions as myself, providing they keep them nice and moist during the hot Summer, and gradually lessen the water in the Winter. @ The Oregon Orchid Society, U.S.A., extends an invitation to Australian visitors and would welcome an exhibit from Australian Societies or growers at their Second Annual Show at Port- land, Oregon, on 20th October. Details from the Editor. TASMANIAN JOTTINGS @ The Hobart Orchid Club has settled down this year to regular monthly meetings on the 4th Thursday. Having no members who can speak with great authority on any aspect of orchid culture, we have followed the practice of having a member read an article on one genus and follow this with a discussion and questions; which compare our methods with those of more experienced growers. This has proved interesting and instructive. - In February we had a visit from Mr. Floyd, Secretary of the Victorian Society. More attention is now being paid here to Odontoglossums, which should thrive in our cool climate. The general experience is that, doubtless owing to the almost complete absence of sum- mer weather, Cymbidiums are very late in flow- ering. Mrs. A. Alexander is our President for 1949, and Mr. A. Cruickshank was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Our membership is growing slowly. H. J. Exley. Mr. ROY DEANE invites you to arrange a visit by car or train to “GREENACRES,” VALLEY HEIGHTS Cymbidiums flowering on the mountain slopes provide a sight that will thrill. Girrahween Enid, and nearly all award plants available. » A wide rnnge of Cymbidiums in flower offered to beginners at low prices. McLELLAN COMMUNITIES IN THE FOLLOWING CROSSES OF THE “FINEST PARENTS ON EARTH" ARE NOW READY FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. C Pot of 10 Pot of 29 Pot of 10 Pot of 20 - Natalie Dekens x C. Estelle LC. Atlantis x LC. Atlantis ...... 72> Omen 12250. @ cl ba Span ert ele ts $7.50 $12.50 . ; ; | MPaviovamvenBallerinaleanG: LC. Chavalier x LC. Atlantis 5.00 8.50 ' | @ Estelle albq asus 7.50 12.50 C. Mossiae, v Hager x LC. | C. Javotte x C. Estelle alba ..... 7.50 12.50 Atlantis en 5.00 8.50 » Alessandro x LC. Sargon x LC. Britannia x Le. stent 5.00 8.50 CAS Dicncl) meee 7.50 12.50 Cc, Apalachee x (LC, Sargon x C. Crepuscule x C Intertexta 5.00 8.50 Cok a Dicnic)) ana 7.50 12.50 C. Varuna x C. Crepuscule ...... 5100 eS 50. . e . ) Cur Ox LC. Elissa on 7.50 12.50 C. Priscilla alba x C. Brussels - B. Turner x C. Leda Cliey a atin PS hee 7.50 12.50 | GIG an war 5.00 8.50 © Thien ian sor ngesehl Ge C. Angelus % C. Estelle alba ...... 7.50 12.50 Atlantisse novi sore 5.00 8.50 C. San Pasqual x C. Varuna ...... 5.00 8.50 MANY MORE.CROSSES and full descriptions in our COMMUNITY LIST. ’ E. W. MeLELLAN CO. BOX 289, COLMA : SAN FRANCISCO, 25, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. oats Growers Porters—Importers—Hybridizers. = Cymbidiums 500 We are pleased to announce that we have arranged regular supplies of the very best and latest crosses. These are carefully selected from the cream of the new releases. In size, they range from a few inches in height, to large unflowered plants having five healthy bulbs. A few flowered plants of the same crosses can be supplied if desired. This is the cheapest way to get good Orchids. Our prices are lower than retail landed cost of comparable plants, and every one carries a guarantee of satisfaction. Most other genera of Orchids can also be supplied. kK. 8. WALKER AND ASSOCIATES HEAD OFFICE: 45 MOUNTAIN VIEW RD., NORTH BALWYN, VICTORIA Telephone: WL3344 Page 78 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 1 BLACK & FLORY Lid. SLOUGH, BUCKS., ENGLAND ESD Are now happy to announce that their stock is now recovered from the hardships imposed upon it during the War years. No catalogue is being published just yet, but prospective pur- chasers are respectfully requested to state in what genera they are interested and approximately the number of plants desired to be sent. | 7G ae ae AU STRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Page 79 ‘orchids. CdS USA We are the original pioneers and largest consignors of eymbidium blooms to the United States. Our system of packing, merchandising and consigning is recognised im the United States as the best. We collect regularly throughout the season. RELIABILITY, SERVICE AND SATISFACTION. WE PAY CASH ¢ CONTACT US EARLY. * J. MITCHELL telephone LW3502 Page 80 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 SHEAD’S NURSERIES 61 HOMER ST., UNDERCLIFFE Mr. Shead has pleasure in announcing that the following English early flowering seedlings are now ready for delivery. EARLY VARIETIES: LOT No. 1. 1. Symbidium Albatross x Pauwelsi 2. Nancy Harte x Coningsbyanum 3. Curlew x Butterfly 4. Coningsbyanum x Ruskin 6” to 12” high. 15/- to 20/- per seedling. LOT No. 2 | | | | ) | | Gannett x Butterfly Hathor-Toucan x Edzell | Claudeste x Shina Black Pauwelsii The King x Ophir F.C.C. | Romeo x Baldur Rusper x Ramboda Lowianum Concolor x Jason Pauwelsii Fine x Peri | Shina Black x Alexanderi Westonbirt Variety. ] Most of the above are from well-known parents of Westonbirt and Westonbirt | varieties. | | | | | j 6” to 12” high. 15/- to 20/- per seedling. LOT No. 3. Cattleya Seedlings. Cattleya Snow White x Brassavola Digbyana Brasso-Cattleya Gordon Highlander x B.C. Cliftonville Clovelly Var. Mossaie Fine x (|-C Profusion x C. Adeyne). B.C. Marie-Marie-L.C. Princess Margaret x Cattleya Gloriette B-L-C Viscountess x C. Woltersiana-C Dae Dalus Laelia Tenebrosa x B-C Madame Charles Maron C. Hassallii ‘Alba’ Brassavola Digbyana x C Schroderae Aurea Schroderae Aurea x B-C Queen Alexandria Dinah-Woltersiana x L-C Elissa. All the above are from well-known parents, ready to pot, and take away from nurseries. Approximately 3” to 4” high (just showing second growth). 15- to 20/- ea. er .00€0 — cen nnn nce ce ee ennai > me care a rn y AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 SHEAD’S NURSERIES 61 HOMER ST., UNDERCLIFFE AUSTRALIAN SEEDLINGS. The first of Mr. Shead's Australian seedlings are now ready, among offerings immediately available, are for sale. Princess Astrid Var. Dorothy x Ceres F. J. Hanbury Princess Astrid Var. Dorothy x Charm Elegance Esmeralda x Sicily Beautiful White Jung Frau x Ceres F. J. Hanbury Miranda x Midas Deep Pink The parents of Princess Astrid var. Dorothy have won 3 championships. Ceres F. J. Hanbury, and Charm Elegance have won many prizes for colour. Jung Frau, is one of the best pure white blooms ever shown. Esmeralda is one of the best greens. Miranda is a glorious gold. Ping Sandpiper is Mr. Shead's special favourite. All the above should produce wonderful blooms, remarkable for shape and colour. Average height about 8 inches. Prices from 10/- to 20/-. The parent plants may be seen at the seedling nursery in the flowering season. Nurseries are open for inspection seven days a week, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Mr. Shead in attendance week-ends. CATALOGUE Advice has just been received from the Printers, that the Shead’s Nurseries Catalogue, with colour plates, will be ready for distribution by September 3. Mr. Shead regrets that on account of its size and weight, it will not be possible to mail it to his many Sydney and Suburban clients. It can, however, be picked up at the Nurseries, 61 Homer St., Undercliffe, any time after September 3rd, for as long as they are available. Page 81 Page 82 Flying Hours to San Francisco THE #ASTES: AIR CARGO SERVICE ACROSS THE PACIFIC FULL PARTICULARS FROM ALL FORWARDING AGENTS OR GENERAL SALES AGENTS . . . TRANS-AUSTRALIA AIRLINES ' Offices all major cities. . 22-26 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY BCPA AIR CARGO OFFICE . . BCA.17 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 | HODGINS ORCHIDS P.O. Box 108 FRANKSTON (Vic.) Offer Genuine quality Cymbidium Hybrids to the beginner. ) Write for our Beginner's List. e Lists also available for the advanced grower. QUALITY IN ORCHIDS CYMBIDIUMS (hybrids) Fine Range Available Inspection Invited on any day by arrangement L. H. NEWMAN 80 Provincial Road, Lindfield SYDNEY, N.S.W. Tel. JX2803 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Page 83 | Announcement THAI ORCHIDS Vanda coerulea A Denisonian 1 Miss Agnes Joaquim 1 Hookeriana FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKSELLERS i teres, etc. Prices on application A Cultural Table NARONG & SONS ' oxi Rosa House, 74, Pramote 1 Lane, Suravongs Rd., Bangkok, Thailand. Cable Address: “ROSA, Orchidaceous Plants Bangkok" : by J. MURRAY COX Illustrated in Colour. 400 pages. FOR EXCHANGE The Cymbidiums with N.S.W. Awards for No book of this description has been produced since 1932. It is long overdue. The Table is comprehensive, embracing most Victorian and English Award Cymbidiums and Cypripediums Ww. WORTH genera and species known in a world-wide range of Orchids. Orchids are described and inform- ation given as to origin, natural conditions and the most successful method of cultivation. 4 WARD STREET, WILLOUGHBY, N.S.W. There is a complete index which includes the correct botanical nomenclature as well as synonyms, so that, where Orchids are known by their popularly used names, they can be easily traced and referred to in the text. In addition, there is a useful glossary of botanical terms. KNUDSON'S AGAR (Formula ‘‘C’’) TEST TUBE OR FLASK QUANTITIES Other Media to your own Prescription Seed to Agar Inoculating Outfits. Prices on request W. H. BLACK 185 OXFORD ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W. Tel. FA7462 The Table, in fact, might aply be regarded as an encyclopaedia of orchids which should be in the library of every Orchid lover. Price per copy: 4 guineas. e Notice to Advertisers Published by THE SHEPHERD PRESS YURONG STREET, SYDNEY N.S.W., AUSTRALIA All enquiries as to Advertising space should be addressed to the publishers: AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW SHEPHERD & NEWMAN PTY. LTD. YURONG STREET, SYDNEY one eee LAND AELIEETELIN. BV INR RNREINE Ronny HelmY Hs SnvESRANPeNS e 0 ——————— EEAE_E_Eaea_a_a_aror_ eee f Page 84 SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT TO ORCHID AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 ENTHUSIASTS John Bisset has pleasure in announcing the publication of Two Books on Orchid Culture which are invaluable aids to Orchid enthusiasts THE CHARM OF GROWING ORCHIDS by P. A. Gilbert 232 pages of Cultural Notes and Photos Price 21/- (Post I/- extra) JOHN BISSET ORCHIDS FOR EVERYBODY by R. Bruce Hogg Over 200 pages with 32 pages of Illustrations. Price 25/- (Post |/- extra) PRIVATE (Evenings) JA8906 NURSERY — Phone WAI124 BOOKS ON ORCHIDS Write for our catalogues of new and second-hand books on Orchids, gardening and other botanical subjects. Pre- sent stocks include—A.B.C. OF ORCHID GROWING (Watkins )Illust. £1/1/-, post 6d. AMERICAN OR- CHID CULTURE (White) col. & b/w plates, £2/2/-, post 6d. A CULTURAL TABLE OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS (J. Murray Cox), col. & b/w plates, £4/4/-, post 1/-. ORCHIDS FOR EVERYBODY (Hogg), illus. £1/5/-, post 6d. CHARM OF GROWING ORCHIDS (Gilbert) illust. £1/1/-, post 6d. ORCHIDS FOR AMATEURS (Briscoe) illust., 13/9, post 4d. ORCHIDS OF N.S.W. (Rupp) illust., 9/-, post 4d. NEW ORCHID GUIDE (Sanders), with excellent illustrations. Ready early 1950. Approx. £13/-/--£16/-/-. Orders now being booked. Also books on Natural History, Early Aust., Art. Collecting, etc. N. H. SEWARD PTY. LTD. 457c BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE MALAYAN ORCHIDS & EXOTIC Vanda Miss Joaquim, V. Cooperii, V. Marguerite Maron, Renanthera Coccinea, R. Storiei, Arachnis Alba, A. Maingayi, A. Moschifera, etc., available. Price List sent out free on application. Also exporters of Malayan Orchid Flowers to Sydney per 2lb. crate, including freight £4 prepaid. Holders of testimonials from Queen of Holland 1938, and Director of Kew Gardens 1939. THE GEM NURSERY 172, MOULMEIN ROAD, SINGAPORE Cable: ''Gemnur" Phone: 7542 Agents for the ‘Australian Orchid Review” in Great Britain Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown Limited, New Ruskin House, 28-30 Little Russell Street, LONDON, W.C.1, are carrying stocks of current and back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Readers in Great Britain should communicate with them regarding their supplies. Notice to CYMBIDIUM GROWERS If you have any Cymbidium Orchid plants, back bulbs, or cut flowers to dispose of, please write of your offering. We are particularly interested in fine hybrids, either large plants or back bulbs. What have you? WM. SEYMOUR P.O. Box 535, PASADENA, CALIF. ORCHID LOVERS Ask for our TRADE PRICE LIST OF ORCHIDS, BULBS & LILIUMS. Quality goods, Lowest price, Good discount. Our best collection offer of 50 ORCHIDS for Beginners, £6, including packings and postage with Cultural Hints free. BHUWANI NURSERY PAKYONG, SIKKIM, N. INDIA ORCHID CYMBIDIUM BOOKLET “Helpful Knowledge for the Beginner’ Written by A. E. BROWN 47 Union St., Kogarah, N.S.W. Before you purchase any Cymbidium plants read this popular booklet—it should help you to save your cash. Sold by all Leading Booksellers. Price 1/6 Hybrid Back Bulbs and Roots and Shoots a Specalty. 5/- each. ee a a em ee mm anc ra arm Aen Ae a rman AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 The Orchid Society of N.S.W. Meets every Month: Y.W.C.A., Liverpool St. Opposite Anzac Memorial, Sydney MONDAY, SEPT. 26 MONDAY, OCT. 31 MONDAY, NOV. 28 Patron: His Honour JUDGE H. F. MARKELL, ‘“Kooyong,” Hastings Road, Warrawee, N.S.W- President: A. R. BEGG, 59 Drumalbyn Road, Bellevue Hill. Phone: FM6034 Hon. Secretary: J. C. DAVIS, 16 Jarrett St., Campsie. Hon. Treasurer: F. WHITE, 316 Parramatta Road, Burwood. Phone: UJ4026 Hon. Editor: W.. WORTH, 4 Ward Street, Willoughby, N.S.W. Phone: XL3533 The Queensland Orchid Socicty Meeting Place: Miniature Rifle Range Building, Boundary Street, Brisbane. FRIDAY, SEPT. 9 ~ FRIDAY, OCT. 14 FRIDAY, NOV. 11 _ Patron: Z E. J. BEARD, Esq., 207 Cavendish Rd., Coorparoo, SE2 President: Hon. Secretary: Hon. Treasurer: ee Se “-'T, C. HARVEYSON J.P. McPHEE Kangaroo Pt. G.P.O. Box 2002 X cs ae ew BRISBANE BRISBANE : BRISBANE The Victorian Orchid Club Meets in the Independent Church Hall, Collins Street, Melbourne, at 8 p.m. MONDAY, SEPT. 19 MONDAY, OCT. 17 MONDAY, NOV. 21 President: Vice-President: Hon. Secretary: R. VICK T. W. CAMERON G. E. FLOYD 32 Northcote Ave., 430 Bourke Street 25 Grandview Road BALWYN, E.8. MELBOURNE BRIGHTON, S.5; *Phone WE2365 MU4377 _ *Phone XB4966 Hon. Treasurer: A. C. DREDGE, 169 Cochrane Street, Elsternwick, $.4. The Orehid Club of South Australia Meets in the Builders and Contractors Building, 17 Waymouth St., Adelaide. MONDAY, SEPT. 12 MONDAY, OCT. 17 MONDAY, NOV. 14 Patron: . Peet Hon Secretary-Treasurer: ; : r M. E. R. L. SMITH, The Premier, Hon. T. PLAYFORD 16 Olive Grove 17 Tavistock St., Norton Summit. HAZELWOOD PARK ADELAIDE. The Western Australian Orchid Society Meets on the third Friday in each month. FRIDAY, SEPT. 16 FRIDAY, OCT. 21 FRIDAY, NOV. 18 'y set up printed and pu ished in Australia by T Newman A Yurong Street, Sydne Wholl d bl; lia by Shepherd & Pt Ltd. t » OY 'y 2 y r g AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1949 Armstrong and Brown TUNBRIDGE WELLS Clint McDade and Sons SIGNAL MOUNTAIN, TENN., U.S.A. Solicit inquiries for commercial and exhibition orchids in all sections. Unflowered and flowered plants of all types avail- able. Splendid vigorous stocks raised from the finest parents. Customers in the Sterling area are requested to address their inquiries to: ARMSTRONG & BROWN ORCHIDHURST — SANDHURST PARK — TUNBRIDGE WELLS Cables: ORCHID TUNBRIDGE WELLS. Telephone: SOUTHBOROUGH 276 British Division of CLINT McDADE & SONS SIGNAL MOUNTAIN — TENNESSEE — U.S.A. PARENTS ON EARTH" ARE NOW READY FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. | g jliddddddddidddy W“lddiyy YWdldli yy yy NX SK S Y Ye RSS pnt cme tA dilly Wor XX Wy idddldédnf WG G > Wily Wk vile ME a WY yeaa i Si yyy wit, Dippy vm za CLL. DEC. ISSUE, 1949 Published Quarterly Vol. 14. No. 4 pre 2/6 THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ORCHID SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, THE QUEENSLAND ORCHID SOCIETY, THE VICTORIAN ORCHID CLUB, AND THE ORCHID CLUB OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Page ii , AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 ee ee es ae eee me et ee, 4 ORCHIDS of Quality * ° C. H. DEANE Girrahween Nurseries 190 WOLLONGONG RD... ARNCLIFFE SYDNEY, N.S.W. - TEL. LX1106 8 ee et ee so OS OOS OE OM SY OD OE FYE Oe OS om OD GOT GER Ot fey ms aT AC! Fee Io on me on mg Sa ee se ee ee A Book for all Animal and Bird Lovers Bush Animals of Australia By AXEL POIGNANT With Notes on Birds and Reptiles by J. R. Kinghorn, C.M.Z.S., and on Furred Animals by Ellis Troughton, C.M.Z.S., F.R.Z.S. Containing 40 pages, each 144 x 94 inches, of magnificent Original Photographs of the Animals of Australia. Price 8/6, including strong envelope for mailing overseas OBTAINABLE FROM ALL LEADING BOOKSELLERS OR FROM THE SHEPHERD PRESS, YURONG STREET, SYDNEY, N.S.W. SPECIAL THE CHARM OF GROWING ORCHIDS by P. A. Gilbert 232 pages of Cultural Notes and Photos Price 21/- (Post 1/- extra) JOHN BISSETT Volume 14 Cattleyas Rie repel i Oe ct code Distribution of Cymbidiums Newcastle Orchid Circle, Annual Show Orchid Growing in W.A—Dendrobiums Orchids (England) © em ven sees Queensland’s Two Shows 92 ww. 0 m= Question Box... ral Fett Pete Some Orchid Notes 99 se ee oes South Australia’s 4th Annual Exhibition Sydney’s Annual Orchid Festival, 1949 Victorian Orchid Club’s Spring Show Centre Table, Orchid Festival = ==... Eastwood and District Winning Exhibit Girrahween, var. Gloria gee L. C. Firminii ed, Meee meen to TAN BARK SPECIALIST A. SMITH 65 NORTH ROAD, EASTWOOD Supplier to Leading Growers New or Rotted. Only the best WM3675, WA9402 —— Eee << Orchid Festival—A Triumph for the N.S.W. Society — ... Mr. F .H. De Rose’s Display, of Orchids, South Australia we sea esha Nec Subscription Rates: Australia and New Zealand, Per annum. Post free. Payable to Shepherd & Newman Pty. Ltd., Yurong SS ANNOUNCEMENT TO John Bisset has pleasure in announcing the publication of Two Books on Orchid Culture which are invaluable aids to Orchid enthusiasts ORCHID ENTHUSIASTS ORCHIDS FOR EVERYBODY by R. Bruce Hogg Over 200 pages with 32 pages of Illustrations. Price 25/- (Post 1/- extra) PRIVATE (Evenings) JA8906 NURSERY — Phone WAI124 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REV DECEMBER, 1949 The author of each article is responsible for the facts and opinions ex CONTENTS _No. 4 pressed therein. tai INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS 10/- per annum; Overseas, 10/- sterling Street, Sydney. ee ORCHID CYMBIDIUM BOOKLET “Helpful Knowledge for the Beginner?’ Written by A. E. BROWN 47 Union St., Kogarah, N.S.W. Before you purchase any Cymbidium plants read this ‘popular booklet—it should help you to save your cash. Sold by all Leading Booksellers. Price 1/6 Hybrid Back Bulbs and Roots and Shoots a Specalty. 5/- each. ene Page 86 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 S. Australia’s 4th Annual Exhibition J. LANGDON, Millswood, S.A. @ Lady Norrie opened the 4th Annual Exhibi- tion of the Orchid Club of S.A. in the Liberal Club Hall on September 19. She was presented with a spray of Orchids by Pauline Chinner, a daughter of the Club’s president, Dr. M. E. Chinner. The exhibition remained open for three days. The plants were arranged among palms, ferns, anthuriums, dracaenas, and other foliage plants. The stage section was very tastefully arranged by Mrs. McGregor Reid. One side of the hall was occupied by the exhibit of our past-president, Mr. F. H. De Rose. It was delightfully arranged and very varied and is. believed to have contained the most genera ever exhibited by one grower in S. Aust. His best Cymbidiums were A. B. Porter’s Swallow var. Patricia with two nice spikes; another Westonbirt Swallow which he has called var. Adelaide, a cream flower of good size and texture; Armynell x Goosander, a nice pink with darker edge and good lip; Louis Sander x Plover, a beautiful pink which was the colour favourite of the women; Vangie with 2 nice spikes; Lucastes var. Citronelle; and Hookerianum x Pauwelsii var. Magnificum, green shaded cream. The Cattleya family was well represented and included Brasso-Cattleya Maronae, a nice white, large flower and good lip; Cattleya x Mendelis- simum, and several good Laelio-Cattleyas. There was a representative display of Dendrobs., in- cluding a magnificent plant of Thwaitesii. Among the Nobile hybrids the best was Pen- elope. Australian Dendrobes included Aemulum and Delicatum. The best Cypripediums were Creslow, Turville and Vesta x ‘Loudinum. Of the lesser grown genera were noted Aerides Vandarum, Epidendrum Boundii, and Lycaste Skinnerii. Altogether an excellent display! On the other side of the hall the plants were aranged in tiers, the central piece being a mini- ture waterfall. Two Odontiodas were arranged one on each side of the fall. They were sent over from Melbourne by Mr. Bruce Hogg, and this type had not previously been shown in Adelaide they attracted considerable attention. They were O. Charlette, reddy brown bordering on light rust, and Geralda, a blend of mulberry and maroon with light yellow mottling. Mr. H. J. R. Overall, of Manly, exhibited some very fine Cymbids.—Sunrise, Princess Eliz- abeth, Bullfinch, a particularly fine thing of nice size and texture called Neville Chamber- -Pauwelsii each with 2 good spikes. lain (all pink shades), and Hera x Gattonese, a nice spike of a most unusual colouring of bronze with apricot flush. Among Mrs. G. P. Howie’s plants were Cyps. Polilianum and Leeanum x Bordubi, and Cyp- ripediums Grandiflorum and 2 nice plants of Mrs. C. Baack showed Cyps. Venustum, Canianum and Oriel. Attracting much attention was a nice plant of Phal. Amabilis var. Rosenstroemi grown by Mr. J. T. Mortlock. Some of his other plants in a varied collection were Coelogyne Flaccida, Vanda Tricolor, Epi. Boundii, and several Cyps. including Glaucophyllum, Harrisianum and Vil- losum var. Boxalli. Mrs. Furner had a nice Cymb. Moira and Dr. T. L. McLarty’s best were Cymb. Pres. Wilson (2 nice spikes), Merlin and Lapwing. The president, Dr. M. E. Chinner, showed a high-class batch of Cymbids., his Dorchester being probably the best plant at the exhibition. Others attracting notice were Miranda (flesh pink), Cassandra, Chelsham (green), Sheila Black and a nice Elphin, also a fine specimen of Angraecum Veitchii and Lycaste Skinnerii. Cymbidium Swallow var. Golden Glory, Ceres and Bonito were Mr. E. Ford’s best and Mr. Bruce Hudd showed Lycaste Skinnerii, Cym- bidium Ceres and Cypripedium Her Majesty. Mrs. McGregor Reid tabled a nice Tracyanum cross and a very fine plant of Gottianum var. Alba cross. The Hon. T. Playford and his mother showed a magnificent collection of Cymbids. The best, of Mr Playfords’, and chosen by many as the best at the exhibition, was Regina, having a huge spike of large, good-shaped, creamy pink blooms. Some of his others included a red Pau- welsii, Dorchester, Merlin (a fine flush pink) , Bountiful (pink), May Stafford (lemon). Mrs. Playford’s best was a lovely pale cream Alexan- derii Westonbirt x Bountiful, a red Ceres with 3 nice spikes, Grandiflorum, Lucastes, Enchant- ress (a nice yellow), Louis Sander and Ceres x Pearl Magnificum (white shaded pink). The secretary, Mr. R. L. Smith, showed Cyps. Archie Nield, a very fine Villosum, Her Majesty, Selen x Mrs. Cary Batten, and Lady Phulmona x Gold Mohur, a nice biscuit Cymbid. Dracolan, and a couple of fine Cattleyas. Cymbid. Ceres was shown by Mrs. Matthews, and Mr. Goodenough’s best were Cymb. Ceres, AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Albania, Louis Sanderi, Profusion, Ceres x Pau- welsii and Alexanderi Westonbirt x Lowio- Grandiflorum (a biscuit shade) and Cyps. Hessle (a good shape), Beatrice, Vesta, Letty and Tunbridge. Of considerable interest was a trade exhibit by Mr. K. S. Walker, of Melbourne. There was 4 varied collection of miscellaneous Orchids as well as some nice coloured Cymbids., among Page 87 which were noted Priam var. Ada Meech (a good bronze red), Swallow var. Autumn Tints, Ramboda var. Adonis (lime green), Regina (apricot), Stonechat var. Rainbow and Alexan- deri McBean’s variety. It was voted a very successful exhibition, and the quality of plants shown drew favourable comment from interstate visitors. Queensland’s Two Shows D. McPHEE, Brisbane, @. ® The Queensland Orchid Society has staged two good shows since June. One was at the Royal National Show and the other at the Chel- sea Flower Show run by the Red Cross in the Brisbane City Hall in early September. Of the two, the Royal National was the better, show- Ie a greater variety of species and genera. A arge area was allotted right in the middle en- trance of the Horticultural Pavilion with ample Space to display each plant to advantage. Beautiful fringed goldfish in a glass aquarium €nt by Mr. Dahlheimer gave a suitable cool Note as a centre piece. I was rather amused to ee asked, among Orchid culture questions, How do you feed the goldfish?” Of all the many varieties shown the Catéleyas With their flamboyant beauty gave the star per- ormance, and outstanding among these was C. estminster, With its huge, richly coloured, Perfect blossoms, it formed the pivot of colour Tom which other Catfleyas of lighter tone but NO less perfect blooms rayed out to form the design of the exhibit. Worthy of special men- tion was the beautiful C. Hassalli var. alba x ‘C. Madame Chas. Maron with four blooms Of a very solid white. wenty-eight Cypripediums of the most Modern types were tabled and admired extrava- 8antly by that particular section of the on- Sokers to whom these Orchids appealed most. as ngraccum sesquipedale with its large, Teamy, scented, waxen flowers attracted con- Siderable comment. 4 Other well-grown and beautiful specimens Own were:— 4 Cymbidiums 5 Dendrobiums 4 Vandas I Oncidium 1 Miltonia 1 Odontioda 2 Angraecum 2 Epidendrums Among these were one or two rarities, notably Odontioda Christine—a beautiful scarlet-—and Cyp. Crimson King. Well-grown native Orchids were shown, too. Altogether a most satisfying display. : The Chelsea Flower Show was remarkable for a demonstration of good Cymbidiums, hitherto supposedly impossible to grow here. Lovely clear yellow Minwell x Doris graced the bench and a fine variety of Panwelsii with fours spikes of up to 24 flowers on'each was admired. Representing an original cross of Cymbids., was a well-grown Ceres. B.L.C. Ozora with ten perfect flowers was a lovely thing, as was also C. Tityus x L.C. Serbia. Here, at this show, too, we were fortunate to obtain Mr. Dahlheimer’s beautiful aquarium “as a centre piece. On top of this stood a plant of D. primulinum from which a cascade of papery white blossoms flowed down, proving a delight to the womenfolk, who always love the delicate and simple. Two huge plants of Phal. Schilleriana were most admired of all. A sprinkling of other varieties of Orchids rounded off quite a worthwhile showing that will enourage Orchid growing in all who have leanings that way and convert many who have hitherto resisted the cult. @ Material for publication should reach the Hon. Editor two months before the issue date. Line drawings and diagrams in ordinary ink do not reproduce in print satisfactorily and when received have to be redrawn in Indian ink. A new black ribbon on the typewriter is neces- ° sary where typewritten matter is to be photo- statically reproduced. Where these facilities are not available contributions are equally welcome —send them along, but remember space is limited—you can say a lot in 1000 words. Page 88 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Victorian Orchid Club’s Spring Show R. VICK, President, Balwyn, Vic. @ On September 13th, 14th and 15th members staged the best all-round quality flowers yet seen at any of the shows held since the war ended. This may have ben partly due to the restricted space available in the Lower Mel- bourne Town Hall—the main hall not being available. However, not only did quality show an improvement—especially among our younger members — but the artistic arrangement and general set-up showed that members gave much thought to their display plans. Of the displays set up, pride of place went to Mr. W. Wright and Son, whose display, mainly consisting of high-class Cymbidiums, Cypripediums and Cattleyas, was well staged along two walls with a round tiered corner pyramid on which were set high-class Cypripe- diums and Cattleyas. Among these were Cyps. Euryostom var. Rex, Minotaur, Mayfair and Atlantis and C. Ishtar x Hilary. Tiered along the walls were splendidly grown Cymbidiums amongst which the following were outstanding:. Swallow (several of the best varieties), Ruskin, Louis Sander, Madeline (pink), Gloriana, Gos- soon, Cassandra, Princess Elizabeth, Stonechat, Dorchester, Ruanda, Icarus, Merlin and Istanbul. A Silver Medallion was awarded this display. The energetic. Hon. Sec. (Mr. G. E. Floyd) put up a small stand, excellent in artistic arrangement and quality. Colour and quality were combined in Cyms. Purpureum, Reginald, Vesta var. Thelma, Cyzara, Dorchester and Susette. Among the Cattleya types were fine flowers of Easter Emblem, Princess Patricia and Soulange. A well-grown Coelogyne Cristata proved a very pleasing central feature. Messrs. Jones Bros. put up a stand particu- larly meritorious for this time of year, consist- ing, as it did, almost entirely of Cypripediums. Among these were Cadland, St. Albans, Gigas, Corndean Hall var., Tom Worsley, Harrisianum, Ball var., Mem. F. M. Ogilvie, Alcibiades and Corsair. The light-coloured B.C. Bianca, Gat- ton Lily and L.C. Eunice Alba made a pleasing contrast to the darker Slippers. A Bronze Medal- lion was awarded. Mr. J. W. Tomlinson’s display had a beauti- ful top line of arching sprays of Cymbidiums. His best were probably Miranda, Arabella, Swal- low, Ruskin var. Bendigo, and Falcon. Some nice Slippers were set in amongst the above, and all combined to gain the Bronze Medallion Award. A similar award went to the Eastern Suburbs Group, whose circular pyramid stand displayed many fine and well-known Cymbidiums such as President Wilson, Louis Sander, Eagle, Redcap (green) and Balador; Cattleyas, Cypripediums, Phalaenopsis, Schilleriana, Lycastes, etc., set off with ferns, moss and anthuriums. Mr. G. McCraith also gained the same award for a colourful display of Cyms. Carisbrook var. Florence, Butterfly, Erica Sander, Priam, Ram- boda and Swallow, along with Lycaste Skinneri, Coelogyne Cristata and several of the smaller interesting types of Orchids. A very fine effect was gained through the combined efforts of Mesdames Blessley, Cole and Tweedie, asisted by Messrs. McTavish and J. Hogg. Set in one corner, a natural effect was gained as a mountain stream flowed down into a pool in the lower reaches. Tall growing Cym- bidiums higher up the slopes overhanug the smaller Slippers, Dendrobiums and Cattleyas, many of which were set in the mosses surroud- ing the pool. Noticed among these flowers were the following: Dendrobes—Nobile and Regium hybrids, both very attractive; Phaius Wallachi with a fine flower spike; Cypripedium Mrs. C. Holmes; Cymbidiums Swallow var. Golden Glory, Lord Dulverton of outstanding colour and fair form, Celia, Mirella, Olympus and Arabella. A finish was given with Odonto- glossum, Lycastes, Anthuriums and ferns. Mr. R. Rosewarne showed some fine flowers— all Cymbidiums — outstanding amongst which — were Swallow var. Lemon Beauty, Miranda, Cas- sandra (white), Carisbrook, the colourful Reginald, Trixie, Joyance, Olympus and Sand- piper. A Bronze Medallion stand. A very sad note was linked with the display put up on behalf of Messrs. Raymond and Hiddelstone, in that the latter, a prominent, pro- gressive member of the Club, had passed away just the day before. A Bronze Medallion was awarded the exhibit in which were noted Vanda Coerulea, Odontoglossums, Odo. Carmina (a bright splash of colour), Dend. Falcorostrum, Cyms. Aquilla (nice green), Galaxy, Bodmin Moor, Ruskin, Cassandra, Swallow, Alexanderi and Arabella, Coelogyne Cristata and Cyp. John Henry. Mr. T. Imrie, who usually has a fine array of Slippers, jumped into the limelight with some very well-grown Cymbidiums, among them be- ing Swallow vars. Golden Glory, Magnolia and AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Valley Vue, Regina, Dryad, Apollo and Ceres x amingo. Best Cyps. were an Actaeus hybrid, Bourne End and Brita var. Rotunda. A Bronze Medallion was awarded. “Hodgins Orchids’ ” stand was small but full of quality. Cymbidiums Charm, Swallow (green), Cyzara, Helen (pink lip), Joyance, Dracolan x Alexanderi Westonbirt, Princess Elizabeth and Carisbrook. Messrs. Foletta Bros. showed Cypripediums Odin, Milo, Draco, Christobiades, Anita, Ley- Urneuse and Missinden, together with Cym- idiums of such quality as Swallow var. Autumn Tints, Vesta var. Thelma and Swallow var. Dawn. Messrs. Mathieson & Scott put up a small dis- Play of high-quality Cymbidiums, included in Which were Cassandra, Cornucopia, Jade (highly coloured lip), Rusper, President Wilson ie good light green) and Ceres var. F. J. Han- ih Some fine flowers were seen amongst the smaller exhibitors. Mr. J. Conway’s Cymbidiums leatear, Ceres, Swallow, Lutescens, Alexan- deri West. x Thora, F.C.C., Alexanderi West. x Appollo showed this young grower’s rapid pro- 8tess Mr. A. Kirkbright had two outstanding Plants in Cym. Bodmin Moor and Cattleya along with Odontoglossums Carroll and Leonore. t. Harvey’s Cym. Nadina and Emery were 800d, as were Mr. J. Perriman’s Alexanderi with Seven spikes and the yellow Minwell x Doris. Mr. Ford showed less this year, but quality qowed up in Enchantress, Arabella and Loius paar: Our eye was taken by Mr. C. Glew’s €res. var, J. Hanbury, Cassandra, Priam, alaxy and the large colourful Catt. Gloria. te Mr, Henley had a mixed collection of Cyp- 'pediums (the best being Lady Dillon x Tur- Ville), Cymbidiums, Phaius Wallachi, Lycaste and Coclogyne Cristata. Mr. L. Sasso, of Sydney, put up a few plants mal of exquisite quality—Dendrobiums Gat- on Monarch and Montrose and Cyms. Sussex bes in show) and Capri. Sussex also gained © Award of Merit. C t. J. Bissett displayed some finely flowered ymbidiums—Miranda, Cygnus, Ceres var. F. ‘ eanbury (at its best for colour), Cassandra, fair and Joy Sander. , A feature much appreciated by the public was Stand at the entrance with flowering plants of € Main genera clearly named. main judges’ awards were:— est specimen plant — Swallow-Autumn Tints, wright. Page 89 2. Best coloured Cymbidium—Lord Dulver- ton—Mr. McTavish. 3. Best decorative Cymbidium—Icarus—W. Wright. 4. Best Sasso. 5. Best Cypripedium—Euryostom var. Rex— W. Wright, jnr. 6. Best Cattleya — Ishtar x Hilary — W. Wright, Snr. 7. Best Dendrobium—Gatton Monarch—L. Sasso. 8. Best in miscellaneous section — Coelogyne Cristata. Cymbidium in show—Sussex—L. @ The first annual meeting of the Ballarat Or- chid and Begonia Club (Victoria), has just been held and the officers elected for the coming year Ahem President: Mr. G. Swenson, 53 Laurie St., Ballarat, Vic- toria. Phone 874. : Senior Vice-President: M1. T. Beaumont. Junior Vice-President: Mr. L. Abraham. Hon. Secretary: Mr. R. B. Allisey, 29 Loch Avenue, Ballarat. Hon. Treasurer: Mr. W. Clegg, Wendouree Pde., Bal- larat. Hon. Librarian: Mr. G. Martin. Hon. Auditor: Mr. R. Brown. Extract from a personal letter from England that will prove of interest to our readers. @ I know you do not want plants with mark- ings on the leaves or I could have let you have a piece of the genuine Alexanderi var Weston- birt. All of this variety has black spot, but it grows fast just the same and is priceless for breeding as it is so prolific and the seedlings are almost 100 per cent. good. There are other so- called Alex. Westonbirts about, which are noth- ing of the kind. The photo of one such in an American publication, March, 1949, is obviously a hybrid from Alex. Westonbirt. The true Alex. Westonbirt is illustrated in the May, 1949, issue, : You can be certain that if anyone tells you that they have a clean plant of Alex. Weston- birt that it is not the true variety. There are several beautiful deep yellow vari- eties of Cymb. Hawfinch, derived from Alex. Westonbirt, which are probably a better colour than any other yellow Cymbidium, whether from Alex. Westonbirt or not. Hawfinch var. Wheatley is an apricot colour. Page 90 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Orchid Festival —A Triumph for the . New South Wales Society J. N. RENTOUL, Glen Iris, Vic. @ It is usually difficult for an interstate visitor to pass judgment on an Orchid Show, but in the case of the Orchid Festival held by the N.S.W. Society the matter was easily resolved. It was spectacular and very successful. The public said so; and they are the real judges when all is said and done. The setting was ideal in the Sydney Town Hall, and the arrangement and staging of exhibits finely handled. The affiliated Societies who co-operated, and private and commercial growers also contributed to the success of this first venture in the grand manner, Four independent groups each took a corner of the great hall and put up fine exhibits. Eastwood Orchid Circle coming out on top with a well-conceived and executed plan com- prising well-coloured and flowered plants of dif- ferent genera. They won the competition for the shield. Sydney Orchid Club turned on the light in no uncertain manner and though fluor- escent lighting suited some colours it altered the brilliance of others. They put in what I thought was the “quality” of our Cymbidiums, but missed out on miscellaneous species and trim- mings. They were a good second. Kuring-gai Orchid Society and Western Suburbs have no doubt learned many lessons that will influence their displays in future years. Though Cymbidiums predominated through- out the show, Mr. Sasso had a fine and varied lot of Orchids which, however, lost attraction and appeal by being poorly staged. This was evident in all exhibits by lack of trimmings and ferns; but no doubt in future years this fault will be rectified. It is a lot of work, but well worth it. So far as the best Cymbidium was concerned, much speculation and anticipation proved cor- rect. Girrahween var. Enid again topped the judges’ decision, though her full sister, Girrah- ween var. Gloria, almost took the honours from her. It was hard to draw the line between Enid’s pink and Gloria’s green, and in the end it became a matter of personal.taste. In my opinion, Gloria was the better of the two, both on the score of colour and also shape. Enid is a glamour girl, and it may be many years before she loses her radiance and pride of place to an- other. Dr. Burstal is to be congratulated on his fine raceme of flowers; Mr. Sasso, also, for his well-flowered Gloria, which would perhaps have done better had all the flowers been open at the time of judging. Many other fine Cymbidiums were shown, and few eyes missed Sir Harry Moxham’s fine, well-flowered plant of Swallow var. Tain. Of the many Swallows it combined all the admir- able features and few of the faults. Focal point of the show to a Cymbidium fancier must surely have been the fabulous plant of Joyance on the Kuring-gai benches. It had the unbelievable number of 250-odd ffowers on its 10 spikes, coppery-pink in colour, and a nice shape, too. Congratulations, Mr. Robinson. When built up into a big plant it should look very good. Colour, apparently, is to have its vogue now as a reaction to the pink and white shades of most Westonbirts. It was supplied chiefly by the old favourite, Ceres var. F. J. Hanbury, and the Carisbrooks in their infinite and beauti- ful variety. Joyance No. 1 appeared in one or two fine plants, and this beautiful Cymbidium will last as one of our finest colour flowers for many years. Another old favourite, Priam var. Ada Meech, did not show up as much as one would expect. Greens are very much in vogue and who could resist that fine variety of Esmer- alda under the fluorescent light. It glowed like a green flame. Best coloured Cymbid. was Pipit x Lowii-Eburneum Concolour, a fine olive-green with a well-shaped and speckled lip. Charming in its simplicity and colour was the small spike of Susan in Mr. Sasso’s collec- tion; so aptly named, so delicately coloured. I am looking forward to seeing it on a larger plant. Odontoglossums represented a triumph of hope over experience, but they were quite obviously not feeling at home in Sydney. Instead of being an exhibition they were a tribute to the persistence of their growers. Cypripediums were also few in number. Mr. Fahey taking first prize with Winchenden, Sir Harry Moxham second with Owlswick. Not knowing Sydney in regard to this type of Orchid, I should imagine it would ke asking a lot of Cypripediums to flower in late September. In the group of three coloured Cymbidiums was concentrated all the flame and brilliance. Colour seldom goes with shape, and the latter factor is ceasing to predominate in the minds AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 of growers. This is all to the good in my opinion, as anyone who saw the Sydney Show will agree that the concentration of the pinks and whites In the groups of best six Cymbidiums left one with a longing for something a bit different. ° far as the show as a whole was concerned, this split the hall completely in two—the colour and the lack of colour. Most popular Cymbidium in the show was Mrs, Tant’s Stonechat, apple green with the lip and throat entirely suffused with red and spottled with darker red. The selection showed iscrimination and taste, although many others ad colour, this Cymbid. had refinement. Cattleyas were few in number and far below what one would expect in Sydney, in the way of quality. First prize went to Mr. N. Mc- Donald’s B.C. Bruges var. Noel. Mr. Sasso took Second place with B.C. Cliftoni Magnifica, Fowler’s Variety, with only one flower. Some Steady concentration on this genera will be Necessary in the next 12 months to make it More prominent, as it deserves. Page 91 In all Orchid shows a splash of brilliance al- ways comes to light, and in Sydney it was Mr. Shead’s Cattleya Dorothy. No giant was Dorothy, but what was lacking in size was amply compensated by the flare of red-purple colour. Criticism can often be helpful and construc- tive, and in this review it is intended to be so. Refinments in staging and trimming will come with practice, and New South Wales Orchid Society have every reason to be proud of their first big show. In view of the enormous crowds which attended, it may be necessary to cut down the exhibits to give the people more room to walk about! What a thought! I feel that I have not done justice to the ex- hibits which embraced the best of our Cym- bidiums, but though I could describe many in detail there would always be some missed out. They were too many and varied and the quality very fine all round. Congratulations, Sydney. Congratulations, Mr. Begg, also your. committee and workers. We look forward to your next show. Sydney’s Annual Orchid Festival, 1949 Ww. WORTH, ® Orchids on exhibition were reported in the aily press to be valued at over £10,000, it would be probably nearer the mark to say be- tween £30,000 and £40,000. A fine shield, presented by Mr. Alan Birdsall, Was competed for by the four Suburban Societies affliated with the New South Wales parent body, The winner, the Eastwood and District Or- chid Circle, put together a really spectacular atrangement, The exhibit was well worthy of the distinction it gained, and all judges were Unanimous in placing it first. (See illustration elsewhere in this issue. ) j The Sydney Orchid Club used fluorescent Ighting and this attracted many of the public ‘oO their side of the hall. The exhibit was on or- Odox lines. There was no crowding and no Vacant places. The roped-off shipboard eflect was most neatly achieved. Cymbidium °yance No. 1 and a green Gossoon with their ®ng arching spikes of flowers were most promi- Rent in an excellent display which undoubtedly “arned the second place. Hornsby Kuring-gai Orchid Society put to- peec the greatest number of plants and the xhibit contained an immense plant of Joyance, Willoughby, N.S.W. which the N.S.W. Orchid Society regarded so highly that it awarded it a special prize for outstanding culture. Several other exceptional specimen plants occupied the back row. The exhibit was notable for its specimen plants and Cymbidiums of many colours. Western Suburbs Orchid Society’s exhibit contained a fair amount of variety in foliage plants, anthuriums, ferns and native Orchids, Cymbidium Cassandra var. Exquisite was per- haps the best we have seen it. The lack of ade- quate light detracted from the beauty of this large miscellaneous exhibit. Some very fine trade exhibits were also staged. Mr. L. H. Newman’s exhibit was a large one of choice Cymbidiums Edzell var. Elizabeth, a very lovely pink flower with large open lip, at- tracted a deal of attention and enquiry. The old favourite, Swallow var. Hebe, was as good as ever. Swallow var. Golden Glory with its stall, sturdy spike of splendid carriage had bright gold-coloured flowers. Irish Melody is an immense flower that we had not seen since first shown several years back. Judge Markell var. Jean is still good, and also noticed was a nice Eagle and Alcantara var. Cameo. Page 92 Mr. John Bissett staged a very nicely arranged exhibit sloping from the floor upwards to the back. Very bright azaleas in many colours, a particularly fine white cyclamen, Clivias, Odon- tiodas, Odontoglossums, Anthuriums and Cym- bidiums. The pots were nicely camouflaged with various kinds of moss. Carrington H. Deane. Geometrically very carefully arranged and dressed, everything was neat and in its place. The display consisted of Cymbidiums on the staging. These were sur- rounded on the floor level with conifers, palms and dwarf pines. The good quality Cymbidiums included Princess Elizabeth, Stonechat, Cassan- dras, a particularly fine coloured Euterpe, mauve with very deep coloured lip. Haven’t seen this one before. A very strong growing Erica Sander was prominent and nice. The Sydney A. Shead Nurseries put up a fine display of miscellaneous Orchids, mainly Cym- bidiums of quality, including Princess Astrid, Esmeralda, the best of this variety seen so far, a new green Ramboda, with the widest lip of any Cymbidium in the show, red striped and margined, and Cattleya Dorothy were best in the group. The whole was surrounded with large pots of a wide variety of Kureme Azaleas. ' Mr, P. L. Meech had a nice display of Cym- bidiums, among which was an excellent plant of Gessoon var. Sailor Bay. Upright spike, intense yellow segments with a red lip forming a fine contrast. A grand, spectacular display ~ Orchid. The largest and best miscellaneous exhibit was that of Mr. L. Sasso for which he was awarded first prize. Very similar to those of previous years, the background consisted of brilliant foliaged Cro- tons in reds, yellows and greens. The exhibit, a stepped-up arrangement, was full of colour and brightness and occupied the centre front of the great concrete platform. Included were Anthu- riums, Crotons, Cymbidiums, Dendrobiums, Cypripediums, Odontoglossums, Lycastse, Epi- dendrums, Zygopetalums, Vandas, Epi-cattleyas, Phalaenopsis and Cattleyas. The very brightly coloured Cymbidiums Esmeralda, Pipit x Ebur —Lowii, Jacqueline and Pres. Wilson glowed under the artificial lighting. The doors of the great City Hall opened at 10 a.m. to admit the public, who had assembled in a queue 100 yards long and who continued to stream in for 3 days and nights. The crowd was terrific and the view from the balconies, which on the second evening were almost full of spectators, was a feast for the eye and a comfort for the soul. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 There were visitors from England, Europe, America and other States of the Commonwealth. It was acknowledged to be the finest floral spectacle ever seen in the Town Hall and one gentleman, who appeared to be a man of sub- stance, said, “I know Austria, Germany, France and Italy. We have nothing like this there, but then you have the delightful climate that makes this possible.” The success of the Festival was beyond all expectations. The weather was very kind. We kelieve, that never before in any part of the world has there been such numbers of Orchids of such quality and size assembled together in one show. The entrance to the main hall was gaily de- corated with Azaleas, palms and arching Cym- _ bidiums arranged in tiers. Mr. Bruce Hogg, of Melbourne, when asked what he thought of the show, replied: ““Magnifi- cent, magnificent, indescribably magnificent.” The little notebooks were in evidence every- where, plainly indicating that the public were noting their preferences for future acquisition. The Town Hall staff were very helpful and President, Mr. A. R. Begg, on the concluding evening paid them a high compliment for their kindness and assistance. On the third evening I decided to have a final look round at the highlights of the show. Something of a phenomena had taken place. Mest of the flowers had definitely enlarged, some more than others. Girrahween var. Gloria, the Reserve Cham- pion, exhibited by Mr. L. Sasso, was the loveliest thing imaginable and the finest example of this grand Orchid. Almost perfect in shape, a de- lightful shade of green, clear and_ glistening, with an exceptionally good red blotched lip. The 13 flowers were splendidly displayed on a nice arching spike. In my opinion, the flower par excellent. Mr. Alan Begg’s plant of Cymbidium Swal- low var, Magnolia was very fine. The red flush right through the flowers and their size con- - firms the high opinion they have of this variety in Melbourne. At was expected, “Enid” did it again. Dr. A. C. Burstal presented his plant in tip-top order and Girrahween var. Enid became Cham- pion Cymbidium in N.S.W. for 1949. It is too well known to need description here. The prize for the three best Orchids was won by this one, and Balkis var. Luath and Swallow var. Soulan- geana, all 3 championship flowers. Dr. H. Poate gained second prize for best 3. Cymbidiums with nicely grown Princess AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Elizabeth var Maisie, Swallow var. Hebe and Imbros, apricot pink. All magnificent flowers that earned their position. Mr. E. A. Hamilton, in the competition for best colour, had Lutescens, a fine bright yellow, Imported 20 years ago and still equal to the best in the section. A recent importaton, Pro- Mona, was a novelty of startling colour. Bright red petals and deep velvet-red lip. The miscellaneous Orchids staged by Shead’s Nurseries contained Cattleya Dorothy, which gained an Award of Distinction. The colour Was the most intense that we have seen in any Orchid, cerise to dark magenta red, for the want of an adequate colour description, would per- haps describe it. The lip was somewhat of the Same high colour, but darker. Sir Harry Moxham had a fine Swallow var. Tain, which won the prize for the best Cym- bidium exhibited by a novice. This is probably the first time that this variety has been shown in Sydney and was amongst the best of the new Ones, Mr. W. Fahey staged a nice exhibit of Odontoglossums in several varieties, maroon, purple, white, biscuit and plum colours, also Some fine “Slippers” and Cymbidiums. The spike of Soulangeana was exceptionally large and the flowers well coloured. A fine new Ram- da of striking red and yellow lip gave added cclour to the exhibit. Nandina, a large white, Was lovely, as was Dorchester var. Shangri La. To seedling raisers and those interested in 8enetics, the most interesting exhibit in the hall was that of two men—who have been recog- nised by the N.S.W. Orchid Society and presen- ted with a Medallion for their pioneering work in hybridisation—Messrs. A. B. Porter and C. Cambourn, They exhibited two plants, Alexanderi var. estonbirt and Ceres var. F. J. Hanbury, as Parents and also 6 chicks from these, all from the same seed pod. They were flowering for the st time and all were different. Red did not appear in any of them, but one, however, did Carry the vivid lip of Hanbury. Mr. D, Agnew’s Louis Sander var. Kirribilli Was quite the largest flower of this variety that we have scen and the flowers better arranged on the spike. Christine x Alexanderi var Westonbirt, one of the loveliest Orchids in the show, exhibited y Mr. R. Dart. The shoulder posy special I should say. White sepals and petals very slightly ushed. Lip the daintiest and faintest mauve Page 93 pink. Good shape and texture. Every artist will like it. Mr. C. Cambourn put together a collection of very colourful Cymbidiums. His Louis Sander var. Kirribilli has never been bettered. Gossoon var. Sailor Bay in its yellow and red was as bright as in former years. Joyance No. 1, orange and red lip was very prominent, Caris- brook var. True Rose, small, nicely shaped bright mauve red. There was an Open Section for Shoulder Posies and a Novice Section. The entries from the ladies must have been a record and the lovely creations should do much to still further popularise the Orchid for personal wear. The Society’s official colour photographs of Award plants were on display and growers and public alike no doubt realised what a fine reference for comparison they will prove in future years. Some photgraphs taken at the Festival will be found elsewhere in this issue, also a report of the Festival as seen through the eyes of one of our distinguished Melbourne visitors. PRIZE LIST, ORCHID FESTIVAL, 1949 Grand Champion ‘Cymbidium—Girrahween var. Enid: Dr. A. C. Burstal. Reserve Champion Cymbidium—Girrahween var. Gloria: Mr. L. Sasso. Best Coloured Cymbidium—Lowi—Eburn. x Pipit: Mr. L. Peaty. Most Attractive Cymbidium—Stonechat: Mrs. G, Tant. Best District Exhibit—Eastwood Orchid Circle. Group of 6 Cymbidiums: Mr. C. M. Cotton, 1; Mr. L. Sasso. 2. ‘ Group of 3 Cymbidiums: Dr. A. C. Burstal, 1; Dr. H. R. Poate, 2. Group of 2 Cymbidiums: Dr. J. A. Vote, 1; Mr. D. Agnew, 2. Group of 3 Cymbidiums for Colour: Mr. L. Giles, 1; Mr. L. Peaty, 2. Best Cymbidium, Novice Section: Sir Harry Moxham, 1; Mr. F. Mutton, 2. Best Coloured Cymbidium, Novice Section: Sir Harry Moxham, 1; Mr. A. Baker, 2. Best Cypripedium: Mr. W. Fahey, 1; Sir Harry Mox- ham, 2. : Best Cattleya: Mr. N. MacDonald, 1; Mr. L. Sasso, 2. Best Dendrobium: Mr. L. Sasso, 1; Mr. L. Sasso, 2. Best Native Orchid (Australian): Mr. L. Peaty, 1; Mr. W. Worth, 2. Best Miscellaneous Orchid: Mr. L. Sasso, 1; Mr, L. Sasso, 2. Group of Miscellaneous Orchids: Mr. L. Sasso, 1; Sir Harry Moxham, 2. Group Miscellaneous Orchids (excluding Cymbids.): Mr. L. Sasso, 1. : Best Specimen Plant: Mrs. L. Norton. Specimen Plant: Special Prize to Mr. C. W. Robinson. Shoulder Spray of Cymbidiums: Mrs. Johnson, 1; Miss Tant, 2; Miss Tant, 3; Miss Tant, 4. Shoulder Spray of Cymbids., Novice Section: Mrs. C. Russell, 1; Miss Cattell, 2; Mrs. F. Johnson, 3. Page 94 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Orchid Growing in W.A.= Dendrobiums J. H. BROWN, Mosman Park, W.A. © I confess to being rather partial to Dendrobes because I think them one of the most florescent of the Orchids—superior to some of the Cym- bidiums as well as a good many of the Cattleyas. This is no hastily formed judgment, but is my considered opinion after a good many years’ ex- perience as a grower of several kinds of Orchids —years marked by some successes and, of course, by some inevitable failures. To meet the exigencies of our climate. I have tried various cultural methods with indiffrent results, until finally I decided to discard the use of pots and suchlike containers. My experiments have led me to conclude that the only method of ensuring continued progress is that of mount- ing the plants on pieces of wood. For this pur- pose, I favour the old weathered jarrah, prefer- ably some that has been buried in the ground for years. After mounting a plant on its board, I wire some coarse fibre and she-oak on the face, and find that the roots simply revel in this mixture. In fact, I regard the bark of our she-oak plus the fibre as forming one of the best possible composts for Dendrobes. Watering is the chief problem in our long dry summer. On many days we have warm easterly winds, sometimes lasting till 2 or 3 o’clock in the afternoon, and the difficulty is to prevent the compost from drying out. To obviate this risk, I fix a tin of water above each plant and adopt the old-fashioned means of using a flannel wick to syphon the water down, so that, during the period of growth, the plant is kept damp both day and night. I reasoned that, as Dendrobes in their natural habitat, receive perhaps 200 to 300in. of rain, most of which falls during five or six months of the year, something approximating a simi- larly heavy precipitation was necessary for the cultivated plants. Thus, by employing the method described, mine were assured of an abundance of water. The results have proved the soundness of this theory, and I go so far as to say that correct watering here represents 90 per cent. of success. Black fibre having been unprocurable for some time, I had to use coarse brown fibre. This does not contain the acidity of the black, and, to remedy the deficiency, I make a solution of aluminium sulphate and soak the plants in it once a month. My opinion is that, in the case of all epiphytes, too much acidity is leached out of the compost by the heavy watering they receive. I persevered with a plant of Den. Tofftii in a pot for years and it made no progress, but since being mounted on a board, it has developed two excellent bulbs. Under this treatment, plants of Moschatum, Chrysotoxum, Superbiens, Undula- tum (Broomfieldii) and several other Indian and Queensland varieties are making much bet- ter growth than before. In addition to Dendrobes, I grow a general assortment of Orchids including Cattleyas and Cymbidiums. My Cymbidiums have not proved a great success, as I seldom get more than 50 per cent. of plants to bloom, but I am still hop- ing. Most of my Orchids are grown in a glass- house built against a shed facing east, so that they get all the sun until mid-day. In another house I keep my Cyps., ferns, crotons, etc., that require more shade. Cattleyas SYLVIA BAKER, Mt. Lawley, W.A. @ Although the collections of most of our growers include some of the Cattleya family, these beautiful orchids have not yet been largely cultivated here. In using the word “largely,” I do so in the relative sense, bearing in mind the small scale of orchid growing generally in this State. What does afford satisfaction is that growers are slowly but surely increasing their holdings of these plants, and this, we feel, justi- fies the hope that they will be successful in building up creditable, if modest, collections. There seems to be a prevailing impression that this species of orchid is difficult to grow in W.A. How that impression gained ground, I do not know, but it certainly exists. Neither can I find any sound reason for the existence of such a be- lief. As one who has handled numerous Catts. over the years, I am sure that we have accumu- lated sufficient knowledge of what is required to prove that many varieties can be flowered suc- cessfully and that their culture calls for no AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 More exacting industry on the part of the grower than does the raising of other sorts. Of course, our Catts. are kept under glass and the Principal growers heat their houses in win- ter. We have a few spots around the City where an occasional frost does occur, and in those parts some form of heating is necessary. In the frost- free districts, however, several varieties do well — in cold houses, and even on the rare winter nights When the mercury has dropped to the region of 40, no harm has resulted. During the dry heat Or our summers, copious watering of the glass- Ouse creates the requisite humidity. We follow closely the cultural practices of the Eastern States, though venturesome growers ere as elsewhere are known to be trying vati- ations or experimenting with some new idea. So Ong as the plants receive proper care, pests and Is€ases cause no serious trouble and can be con- trolled by using the recognised proprietary rem- edies, A few of our growers have recently added to their collections some of the really good crosses, ut the time must elapse before they develop to the point of making their maximum display. I think the day will come, perhaps in the not dis- tant future, when much greater attention wili € devoted to the Cattleya, particularly by those Who aspire to becoming commercial growers. ® Through the courtesy of Foy & Gibson, W.A. td., the Western Australian Society staged a three days shop-window display of orchids in Une. Over 50 pots were exhibited and were fairly representative of the various types then Owering. As the Cyp. species were at their st, they predominated, but the presence of over 4 score of hybrids of high quality was an indi- ration that growers are building up their col- ctions. For a young society, the display was ‘n excellent one and the impression conveyed Was thet the time when members may launch ut on a hall exhibition is not far distant. Question Box 2. The Questions and Suggestions Box is still °ing a fine job. It was responsible for the intro- “ction of the Novice Section of the Monthly ©Mpetition, and the following questions sub- Ruited earlier, were answered at the May meet- hg of the N.S.W. Society. ') Why do some Cymbidiums make good ',,, 8towth and never flower? (2) Why do the roots of some Cymbidiums Page 95 come above the surface of the compost? Does it denote (a) that the compost is too damp, (b) a lack of adequate drainage, or (c) do Cymbidiums dislike certain com- posts? Is it correct to have the bulbs of Cym- bidiums half buried, sitting on top of the compost, or the base of the bulbs only just under the soil level? (G3) Following a different procedure, the President called upon Messrs. R. Dart and C. Cambourn to answer the queries. Following is a summary of the answers from these experienced growers:— (1) Cymbidiums which make good growth and do not flower are those which generally never cease growing. By repotting in autumn growth will be checked and the plant given a chance to flower. . Provided plants are not too crowded in the pots it may be assumed that roots come to the surface because that is the habit of growth. Mr. Dart has two varieties of Lucy, one of which sends roots to the top, whilst the other behaves quite normally. The base of Cymbidium bulbs should be just under the surface of the compost to protect the ‘eyes’ which are the source of growth, and also to encourage new root activity. (2) (3) @ Tan bark, so popular in Australia, is very difficult to procure in New Zealand, although growers who have been fortunate enough to get it, speak very highly of it. Apparently in New Zealand tanners now use chemicals or import their tan as an essence. There is any amount of wattle here remain- ing from the days when wattle bark was used. and the trees grown to keep the tanners sup- plied. What I wish to know is: Can the bark be soaked or otherwise treated without going through a tannery, so as to be equivalent as a composting material, to the tan bark that has been used in tanning? If any Australian reader can tell us how to treat “raw” bark it would greatly help growers here. H. T. FAIRBROTHER. Box 415. Auckland. Hon. Ed.:—Wattle bark probably has no advantage over a number of other hard barks. Their preparation should be quite practicable and the result satisfactory. Will someone with experience of the preparation and use of wattle or other barks reply more fully in the next issue of the A.O.R. Page 96 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 The Distribution of Cymbidiums J. N. RENTOUL, Glen Iris, Victoria @ The title does not envisage, as may be sup- posed, a hand-out of fine hybrid types, but rather a survey of the incidence of species in various countries. Of all orchids the Cym- bidium occupies premier position, and cannot be discarded as having had its day, as many now believe. Rather are we to expect finer form al- lied with colour, renewed vigour, and sturdier growth. These characteristics can be imparted better by infusions of species blood than by in- breeding of hybrids, and even some of the smaller but colourful species may lead to some really fine hybrids. One generation will not be sufficient to bring these into being, the probabil- ity of two or three crossings being the least to expect. Cymbidiums occur in a wide sweep over an area from India, through the Far East, East In- dies, Australia, and the islands to the north-east of Australia. It is almost as though they were painted across the world in a wide arc, with a few splathers to each side, as far to the south- west as Madagascar, and north-east to China and Japan, the main sweep being over India and Burma. There are many varieties of each definite species, and these have contributed their share to what we see to-day. But we can trace out four or five Cymbidiums that our early hybrid- ists looked on with favour and wondered what would happen if they crossed them. We know what happened, and wonder if the ultimate was appreciated by these men. Beginning at the top of India there are ebur- neum, giganteum, grandiflorum and _ cyperi- folium. These are seldom seen in any orchid col- lection these days, but are all of good size, and a few of fine shape, particularly Cym. eburneum and its varieties, some of them nicely perfumed. All of these are found over a wide area; most have keen in cultivation for more than 100 years, and have yielded some fine hybrids, and started us on the long road. Moving across to India’s neighbour States, Assam and Burma, we come to one or two others that have had a large part in the breeding of Cymbidiums—I’Ansonii and our old friend Lowianum—the former giving us our pinks and reds, the latter in a large degree responsible for our greens and golds. In addition to handing on colour, Lowianum also gave its progeny numbers of flowers on a scape, even pushing eburneaum along into more than its two to three flowers when crossed with it. ‘ Devonianum is a native of this area of India and Burma, and anyone who has seen it in flower cannot fail to be charmed by it. Many other species grow in this area of the East, and though they have not appeared as the parents of hybrids they have at one time or other been cultivated, though many of them do not take kindly to what men impose on them in the way of grow- ing conditions, and soon cease to battle for ex- istence. Tracyanum also hails from Burma, and though most of us commenced growing orchids with at least one Tracyanum, how many either neglected it or threw it out to make way for others? Tracyanum gave us Doris, and from there we moved on to some fine early flowering hybrids, 2 debt too often repaid by the fate abovemen- tioned. Personally, I feel guilty every time I Icok at my plants of Tracyanum. Parishii, a near relative of eburneum, is another native of Burma, and has been used in the pedigree of some fine things. Moving across to Annam, French Indo-China, we come to the richest area, and probably the cradle of the Cymbidium species. Here we find Erythrostylum, Cooperi, Insigne, Roseum, and Mavis. The latter two probably natural hybrids, as could easily occur in a territory where sev- eral species grow and overlap. Of all Cymbidium species, Insigne has to be conceded pride of place. Seldom seen in Australia, its selected, and probably self-crossed varieties have given us our best hybrids. Crossed with T’Ansonii it gave Ceres, of which a glasshouse could be filled with no two the same and yet each one of fine colour and some of fair shape. Cooperi, though having less to show in the number of hybrids named and raised, is yet the shadow, allied with Ceres, standing behind our fine Carisbrooks, and that is commendation enough. It is generally credited with being a natural hybrid between Insigne and Schroderi, the latter resembling giganteum, in colour, which would lend itself to the reproduction of colour in later crosses, particularly in reds and reddish brown. This calls to mind Carisbrook var. Florence, in particular, Erythrostylum does not come into prominence as a parent except in one or two instances, the flowers of most crosses appearing rather rabbit- SS FS I a a AR | | q | 7 ERMA SSN na RP aE RO ELI ETE ETE EO A EA A LLL OLE EAL LLRALD ELLA LED LALOR ALL LA ELL LELOL ALLL LEELA LES DLE III LIE OIA A IAA a = | , | ] 1 | | 4 | | | AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 PERSONNEL Hon. Editor: W. Worth, 4 Ward St., Willoughby, N.S.W. Phone: XL3533 Page 97 Associates VICTORIA: QUEENSLAND: SOUTH AUSTRALIA: TASMANIA: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 3 R. Vick Trevor E. Hunt M. Hill H. J. Exley J. S. Bridgeman 2 Northcote Av. 15 Challinor St., 26 Blanche St. 5 Bedford St. 49 St. Leonards Ave. Balwyn, E.8. Ipswich. Gawler New Town West Leederville. Articles, photos, and drawings are invited, and may be forwarded to any of the above gentlemen, for publication in the Australian Orchid Review. fared, and ill-balanced, but this does not dis- qualify it entirely, as who can see Charm var. egance without falling for it. Certainly Ceres Comes into Charm’s breeding, but Erythrostylum also has a part in its make-up. As we move south from India, Burma, Indo- China, and Malaya, Cymbidiums steadily deter- orate in size of flower, culminating in our Aus- tralian Cyms, Albuciflorum, Suave, Iridifolium. Asa curiosity they can. claim a place, but surely Not for either beauty or as a possible means of Producing a fine hybrid. Yet strangely enough the islands to the north-east of Australia, not- ably Bougainville, have some medium-sized Cymbidiums, where the flowers, greenish-gold With a brown-red lip, are about 2 inches across, and a rather good shape. So far as the writer Can determine these have not been either col- €cted or named. . e The focal point in the distribution of Cym- idium species would seem to be, as noted pre- Viously, the Burma-Indio China area. In addi- ‘on to those mentioned in this article, there are Many other species and hundreds of varieties. n the main they are natives of tropical coun- tres in their finer forms, the exceptions being the Himalayan and North Indian types, and "hese carry on to their progeny the characteristic of disliking hot or even moderate glasshouse treatment, refusal to flower or mis-shapen. flowers tactimes being the heritage. Grandiflorum is of this type, but when given correct treatment it ‘Sa very fine green Cymbidium, with large Owers and good texture. The puzzling question is—what was the com- ao ancestor of our Cymbidiums and where did Stow? Was it swept up from Australia, a cont srowing, hard,flowering type, into the = htry to the north, finally luxuriating there, - tying infinitely according to locality? Or was 5 © cradle in those tropical lands to the north i Australia, our hardy types being a product r their environment? It is illogical to suppose At it originated in the snowy Himalayan area, but that cannot be ruled out as a possibility. One thing is certain—even our highly bred hybrids, if left to their own devices in Australia for thou- sands of years would revert to a hardy type, standardised in shape, size and colour, to con- form to Nature’s basic rules. And would Nat- ure with another sweep of the brush, paint them in a great curve away to the north—Aus- tralia, Java, Sumatra, Malaya, Burma, India? One other thing is as certain—Cymbidiums are here to stay, they are unrivalled for hardi- ness, return in flowers, and beauty. Some may disagree, but they will need to think up a good case to dispute it. They belong essentially to the Far East and its environs. As Central and South America have their Cattleyas, Laelias, and other distinct types, so we have ours. Each produces beautiful hybrids, and the end of the road it not yet reached. It is a long-term task, but we can see it along some of the road, at least, and enjoy the experience of producing still better flowers for ourselves and others. @ Hawaii Orchid Society Bulletin—Volume 1 —Number 1. A publication of 26 pages of handy size. The eleven illustrations are all interesting. Dendrobium Eleu (Splendissimum. x Superbum) depicts a grand flower of what appears to be a splendid Orchid covered in flowers. The primary aim of the Society, through its Bulletin, is edu- cational, and that aim will be kept paramount. Articles and pictures are invited. Single copies are 50 cents each and it is planned to publish two issues per year. We con- gratulate the Hawaiian Society on its venture and the standard of its first edition of the Bulle- tin and wish it the useful future that it surely will achieve. Our copy from Mrs. G. Mitchell, Secretary, Hawaii Orchid Society, Hilo, Hawaii. Page 98 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Neweastle Orchid Cirele Annual Show W. PALMER, Drummoyne. N.S.W. ® The Newcastle Circle held a very successful display of Orchids at the Presbyterian Church Hall, Hamilton, on the 22nd, 23rd, 24th Sep- tember last. In spite of inclement weather over 2000 people attended and showed very great interest in the tastefully aranged display of flowers. ; The Show was openend by the Lady Mayor- ess of Newcastle at 3 p.m. on the 22nd Sep- tember. She was piped into the hall by a piper wearing Royal Stuart Tartan and playing Cock- of-the-North. In a few well-chosen words the Lady Mayoress congratulated the Club on its display and wished the Show every success. She was then shown over the Show by the Hon. Organiser, Mr. J. Genders, and then en- tertained at afternoon tea by the Committee of the Ladies’ Club. The Circle, which is only 25 strong, staged over 350 plants in 19 classes— Open and Novices. The following were the successful exhibitors at the Show: Messrs. G. Rundle, J. J. Genders, J. Trudon, E. Buckley, C. McGilvray, C. Leonard and A. Hagon. Mr. Rundle’s Champion Cymbid., Princess Elizabeth, was a very fine flower and just de- feated Cymbid. Arabella Magnificum for honour by two points. The specimen plant went to Cym. Janette carrying 5 well-leafed bulbs and § fine flower spikes. For colour, Cym. Sunrise var. Ruby was a rich, warm red shade that caught the visitor’s eye as one entered the hall. Among the other- groups,- the Slippers and Cattleyas were not of a very high grade. Cyps., of course, were on the way out and the spring Cattleyas had not yet come in. Cyp. Maudiae Mag. was the best of a group of Cyps., and L.C. Prince of Orange the same in the Cattleya sec- tion. In the Novice Section, Mr. E. Buckley’s Cym. Alexanderii, Black and Flory var., was a very nice Elcom and carried the day as the best Cym- bid. by a novice. While Mr. Leonard carried the award for the best coloured Cymbid. with “Euterpe.” The Phalaenopsis Shilleriana show? by Mr. J. Genders carried 15 nice pink blooms and won the Miscellaneous section. -Two outstanding exhibits were a model house; with bush house filled with model Cymbids. in pots in bloom, and also a glass house with Cattleyas and Cyps. in flower. A display of seed and seedling Cymbids. from the year to flower- ing size in bloom created great interest. Pots 0 various mixtures used in the cultivation of Orchid genera were on display in addition to 4 half pot with a glass front showing the mixture in the pot and the root action of the plant. Over 50 copies of the Australian Orchid Re- view were sold on the first two days and as 4 result many new members were enrolled and many inquiries were made. Short talks were given at a special table cn Orchid lore and this proved very popular. Miss Wilson acted as judge for the shoulder sprays and posies, which were won by Miss O. Phillips and Mrs. McGilv- ray respectively, and the plant judging by W- Palmer, of the N.S.W. Orchid Society. Some Orchid Notes W. HI. NICHOLLS, Melbourne, Vic. @® Monadenia Micrantha, Lindl. This thick-set terrestrial species was a not uncommon floral feature in certain areas in South Western Australia during the spring of 1946—it was a bounteous season. The first specimen was located by my wife at the foot of an ironstone ridge, a few miles west of the Upper King River District. You can imagine the speculation and discussion which ensued concerning its identity and origin, it looked so un-Australian, we thought! it was then I remembered—though somewhat vaguely —the Rev. H. M. R. Rupp’s description and figures of the presumably new Monadenia spe- cies (M. australiensis) which had only then been placed on record in the September issue of the Australian Orchid Review (p. 70). Un- fortunately, I had only cursorily glanced at the article prior to our departure for the West, the original habitat being Young’s Siding in the Stirling Range area in Western Australia. Several days later, whilst traversing the main highway between the “Upper King” and Albany, I discovered this Monadenia lining both sides of the road in several places; there were hundreds of specimens, a unique sight to me as a visitor from the east. I also located this Continued on page 104 EEOC WES = a eee aoe 2. ee ae OES AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Page 99 L. C. FIRMINII. A delightfully coloured flower grown by Messrs. K. E. and L. A. Jones, Nunawading, Victoria. Reserve Champion, Girrahween var. Gloria. Exhibited by L. Sasso. ie sci RALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 PANORAMA OF ORCHID y Tow. N HALL, 1949. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Page 102 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 ~ CENTRE TABLE.—Champion Cmybid, Girrahween var Enid in middle foreground. Specimen Pauwelsii top centre. IAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 EASTWOOD AND DISTRICT ORCHID CIRCLE WINNING EXHIBIT. Area of exhibit 25 feet x 9 feet, attractively arranged with a tiered staging from floor level upwards on either side of a circular centre setting contain a fine specimen of Cym. Arabella var. Magnificent and four attractive Cattleyas, floodlit against a black velvet backdrop. The centre foreground was an artistic arrangement of an artificial lake edged with rocks and natural moss. The exhibit contained an assortment of Cymbidiums, Cypripediums, Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, Odontoglossum and Phaius well blended with various native orchids, ferns, coloured leaves -and shrubs. Centre piece of Mr. F. H. De Rose’s very fine display Page 104 Continued from page 98 Orchid (in numbers) in the vicinity of Cuth- bert Siding, west of Albany town. Needless to say, I made a careful examina- tion of the flower details and completed a coloured plate of a specimen with all essential details of the floral sturcture—a laborious task, as far as the gynostemium was concerned, for some considerable patience was necessary ere I was able to extract intact sufficient columns for my work. Upon our return to Melbourne I compared my plate with the figures under ‘“Monadenia aus- traliensis, sp. Nov.,? in the A.O.R.; also with Bolus’s drawings in his Orchids of the Cape Peninsula, thus establishing with certainty the true identity of this Western find. Monadenia micrantha, Lindley, it undoubtedly is; but just how it came to Australia is a matter of conjec- ture. It represents, however, a most interesting case of natural seed dissemination and acclimat- isation as far as the Orchidaceae are concerned. Finally, during the months of September and October of 1948, we again visited the districts mentioned above, but not even a single speci- men of our migrant Orchid was detected—but the season was a poor one, for many Orchids which normally abound in their thousands were also absent. @ Thelmitra cucullata, Rupp (A.O.R., Sept., 1946, p. 71). This extremely delicate thelymitra species was also added to the writer’s vaculum whilst exploring the intriguing morasses of the Upper King River Country. It was in fair abundance along the borders of a very wet area, just where it was risky to venture. However, ample mate- rial was secured. The specific title is somewhat a misnomer, for the perianth is of regular formation—the dor- sal sepal included. The leaf is not confined to a “mere cauline bract,” but is—in the majority of specimens seen — well developed and very similar to the leaf in Thelymitra antennifera, Hk.f. Several plants were noticed, however, ex- actly as figured in the A.O.R.; small caterpillars were present here and there where the Orchids grew. (The above remarks are here intended as supplementary informatione in regard to the species. —W.H.N.) @ Phalaenopsis amabilis, Blume, variety Rosen- stromii, stat and comb. Nov. This showy Northern Queensland Orchid was for many years known under its original title — Phalaenopsis Rosenstromii, F. M. Bailey, AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 (Queensland Agricultural Journal. (1906). p- 231). In the North Queensland Naturalist it was referred to by the present writer (see Vol. IV. (1936) p. 38 and Vol. XII. (1945) p. 2) as Phalaenopsis amabilis, Blume, but in J. Murray Cox’s superb publication, A Cultural Table of Orchideceous Plants (1946), and in later issues of The Australian Orchid Review, it has been listed as ‘‘Variety Rosenstromii.”’ Strangely enough, it has not appeared as such in botanical literature, that is, according to established scientific principles, The variety grandiflora is the largest form of Blume’s species. Additional material of the forms has convinced the writer that the Aus- tralian representative should in future be re- garded as variety Rosenstromii. ® Cymbidium canaliculatum, R. Brown. The writer received for determination speci- mens of this species collected at Kunmunya, 400 miles north of Broome and 200 miles north of Decoy, in the far north of Western Australia. This material was forwarded by Mr. George Lall, F.E.S., Gisborne, Victoria. The above is a new record for this species. ; (Note by the Rey. H. M. R. Rupp. “By the courtesy of the Editor I have been privileged to see Mr. Nicholls’ MS notes before publication. In fairness to myself I should like to be allowed to point out that my descrip- tions of the Western Australian Monadenia and Thelymitra, as they appeared in this journal for September 1946, were undertaken at the request of Mr. C. A. Gardner, Gov- ernment Boatnist of Western Australia, who at the time was convinced that the Monadenia was a native Aus- tralian species. Mr. Gardner sent me not only the dried material of both orchids held by the State Herbarium, but also his own beautiful coloured drawings of the floral details, which of course had been done from living speci- mens. Without this explanation, it might be inferred that I had rashly published, on my own initiative, descrip- tions of two Western Australian orchids which I had never seen. Knowing as I do the meticulous care with which Mr. Nicholls investigated these orchids in situ, 1 do not question the correctness of his conclusions; but I feel that the circumstances associated with my descrip- tions should be made clear.’’) @ I always look forward to the March issue of A.O.R. because it contains the list of awards given during the previous year. This year I noticed the N.S.W. awards were included but not the Victorian. I presumed that they had missed the press, but when the June issue ap- peared without the Victorian awards L was dis- appointed at their omission. As most people are interested in both Vic- torian and N.S.W. awards I think it would be an excellent idea if a column were reserved each quarter for the awards granted during the pre- ceding three months, A. E. THOMAS. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Page 105 Orchids Published by the Orchid Growers’ Association of England (Readers should note that the instruction given in this article was intended to help English growers. In Australia it would apply to the Southern States, or where similar climatic conditions obtain). Introduction @ Anyone who has a heated greenhouse, how- ever small, may become an Orchid grower. As a hobby Orchid growing becomes increasingly fascinating the more these aristocrats among plants and their cultural requirements are under- stood, The hobby need not be a really expensive one and the cultural methods are not more difficult than those used in raising many other exotic plants. Some Orchids, of course, are expensive, but these have qualities not given to the others and are appreciated by those who build up fine collections. All Orchids are beautiful and the cheap ones have distinction and charm equally with the expensive ones; it is by comparison only that they are inferior and to the eye of the layman there is little or no difference in their beauty, indeed frequently the cheaper attract his eye quicker than the more expensive. This oc- Curs so often that we are tempted to ask if the €xperts are right after all! The publicity given to the high figures reached by individual plants has misled people generally Into regarding Orchids as being for the very rich man only. Nothing could be further from the truth, and it would be difficult to decide whether the working mechanic, with his single 8teenhouse and a few dozen plants, or the mil- lionaire with his range of houses and his grower 1s the more enthusiastic and the more know- ledgeable, __ The social extreme in those who find a hobby in Orchids may be likened to the extremes in Varieties of the same family of Orchids and their values. While a plant is sold occasionally for a hundred guineas or even much more, several thousands are sold at prices of from a pound to Several guineas. A Little History Where do these valuable Orchids come from? Fifty years ago there were probably as many amateur Orchid collections in this country as there are to-day, for the glamour of the Orchid 1S no new thing. In those days interest was con- Stantly being stimulated by the introduction from the tropics of new discoveries, and famous Orchid botanists were kept busy classifying and recording. The years from 1880 to 1900 were the great days of the Orchid hunter. Firms had collectors searching the tropical world for new Orchids or collecting known kinds, and literally tens of thousands of plants were shipped home, to be distributed to growers throughout Europe and America. England established herself then as the great Orchid centre of the world, a posi- tion that she still holds. In those vast importations it was found that species of the same family varied considerably; the strongest characterised forms were given varietal names and the finest realised big sums. Experiments in producing Orchids from seed had been going on for some time then, and at this period a few were beginning to flower. The novelty of these cross-bred Orchids caused a great sensation and they became at once the ex- clusive and rare Orchids of those days. As the methods of seed raising became better under- stood, this trickle of hybrids became a stream, until to-day most Orchids of floral and com- mercial importance are the result of hybridisa- tion in our glasshouses, and importing, with ex- ceptions, has nearly dried up. Orchid species of the same genus generally lend themselves to cross-fertilisation, thus giving the Orchid breeder a great advantage; distinct species from different geographical centres brought together in our glasshouses were made available to the hybridists; combinations became possible between plants growing far apart in their natural habitats. Even genera were inter- crossed, so that Orchids quite different from any found in the tropics were evolved by Orchid breeders in our home conservatories. By select- ing fine varieties of the same species for inter- crossing we are able to make better species than Nature, thus beating her at her own special work, which is keeping the species pure. As we have come down the years, hybrids have keen crossed with hybrids, so that the parentage of some of our finest hybrids is of great com- plexity. In hybrids of such complex parentage, plants produced from the same seed capsule vary con- siderably, and, although all may bear a family likeness and an average in quality, a few that have inherited the most desirable characters from their many and diverse ancestors stand out su- preme ,and become the choice Orchids. It is Page 106 these few that are coveted by rich collectors throughout the world, and their rarity that makes them valuable. It is these that are respon- sible for the tradition that Orchids are only for the man with the long purse. The Best-known Genera The four large groups that the hybridist has taken in hand and improved so immensely are those that are florally the most important, namely, Cattleya, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Odontoglossum; to the Cattleya and Odon- toglossum have been linked up other genera. The cost of producing Orchids from seed is a very considerable one, more for producing the warmer growing Cattleya and Cypripedium than for the other two. Imported Orchids in these groups can be sold at much less than the hybrids, as the plants are received “ready made” and only want potting and establishing to pro- duce flowers within the year. Numbers are still grown in some nurseries for the cut-flower mar- ket, though infinitely inferior to hybrids. There is a limited range in the species in the above groups now worth importing and none in any sense comparable to the better modern hybrids. Outside the four important groups mentioned are numbers of fine Orchids still being imported, the more significant being Vanda coerulea from Burma, Oncidium. varicosum, O. Forbesii and other species of Oncidium from Brazil; Lycaste Skinneri from Guatemala, Phalaenopsis from the Philippines, and other Orchids equally beauti- ful from different parts of the tropical world; but it is doubtful if any firm now has anyone full-time employed in its interests searching for new Orchids. There are residents in or near loc- alities where these wild Orchids grow who make collecting a part-time job and who are always ready to supply quantities if required. _ Having discussed the origin of the fine Orchids whese value has given rise to the fable that all Orchids are dear, there yet remains the Orchid that is neither cheap nor dear. The superlatively fine Orchid remains truly for the rich man, or for the Orchid specialist whose profession is the production of Orchids for a living, and who, like the breeder of animals, must breed from the best stock to produce the best. The Orchids that are best known to the pub- lic through the florists are the Cattleya and its relation, the Laeliocattleya. These have shades of mauve or rose-flushed flowers, also purple, white and yellow, and they are easily first favourites for evening wear. If successfully grown such plants will produce on each lead an average of AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 from two to four blooms each year. A lead is a point from which the plant will make a new bulb each year. Cattleyas require a minimum temperature of 60 degs. Fahr. Next in importance as a florist’s flower comes the Odontoglossum, which gives graceful sprays in a medley of colours, from white to shades of rose, chocolate and purple, broken into fantas- tic shapes on a white flushed or yellowish ground. These sprays will carry up to fifteen or more flowers when really strong, but an average of seven flowers may be expected from plants of every moderate growth. Odontoglossums require a temperature of 50 degs. Fahr., which means fire heat for only three to four months during the year. These two, the Cattleya and the Odontoglos- sum, if grown in any quantity, may be had in flower throughout the year; the spring and aut- umn. are the seasons when the fullest harvest is garnered. The Cypripedium, the “Lady’s Slipper’ Or- chid, may be called one of the seasonal Orchids. While there are a few that flower during the summer months, Cypripediums may be said to commence to flower towards the end of Noyem- ber, keeping on through the winter months until the end of March, reaching full flood in January. They are invaluable for livening up the dull days. Cypripediums are easily grown and have flowers of great lasting qualities. Considerable advance in the production of superior types has been made in recent years, and the devotees of this plant are the staunchest to be found among Or- chid growers. We endeavour to maintain a minimum tem- perature of 60 degs. Fahr. in our Cypripedium houses, but they may be grown under cooler conditions quite successfully. The Cymbidium is another seasonal Orchid that has been revolutionised by the Orchid breeder during the last twenty years. Cymbidiums have been described as the finest of all flowering greenhouse plants. They are probably the most easily grown of all Orchids. They revel in cool conditions and are the least fastidious with re- gard to compost, which should be well drained and of a porous nature. Cymbidiums are gen- erous in their yield of blossom and have been known to last fresh in a cut state for two months in a cool drawing room. They give strong spikes varying in different hybrids, but often carrying upwards of twenty flowers, the spikes are either upright or pendulous and the flowers of pure white as well as charming soft shades of rose or — AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 bronze shaded with rose, delicate shades of green- yellow to pure yellow, shades of pink and apple blossom, with nearly always darker markings on the lower segment. They commence their flower season October-November, and a selection of hybrids will carry right through to May. Cym- idiums are splendid plants for growing in cool Conservatories, where there is sufficient head room, for specimens will push up spikes three or More feet in height, when they become really noble plants. Cymbidiums belong to the cool house section of Orchids, enjoying a minimum temperature of 50 degs. Fahr., but differ considerably in their treatment. While it is necessary to keep Odon- foglossums and the allied genera as cool as vos- sible all the year round, with Cymbidiums one should take advantage of the sun heat by reduc- Ing ventilators and by syringing well in the late afternoon, thus producing cool, moist conditions during the evening and night. Some sun heat will ripen up and harden the 8towth, thus allowing the plants to produce loom, but again care must be taken not to Scorch the leaves. From September onwards as much light may be given as possible. They may be allowed a much lower temperature on wintry Mornings without suffering any harm; thus it is Only, as in the case of Odontoglossums, during the few cold months that any fire heat is re- quired at all. Hints on Buying. The man who breeds Orchids becomes a gam- €r from the day he makes his first seed capsule. € uses his capital and his labour and waits many years, hoping to draw a prize when the Plants flower. If he:has used first-class parents Rien effecting fertilisation he is likely to have tuck, and will deserve it but, if he breeds from Inferior stocks, he will be unlikely to draw even * Compensation prize. Competition is keen and Standards are being steadily raised. ' irst-class opportunities are offered the ama- “Ur in purchasing unflowered stock that is near- ing flowering size. The high-class Orchid spec- talist, in self-preservation, breeds only from the €st, and if unflowered plants can be obtained ee 4 reasonable price when nearing the flowering a the purchaser joins in the lottery when near © draw. bl Hints for Beginners aoe the beginner certain things are essential. © must have an average greenhouse of wood- Nick and glass, heated by, if possible, four inch ©Ws and returns. The heating can be by steam, Page 107 coal, liquid fuel, gas-heated boilers or electric immersion heaters, but in each case an ample amount of large surface piping—better one hun- dred feet of four inch piping than fifty feet. Blinds are a great advantage, if obtainable, and may be of tiffany or hessian and should be four inches to six inches from the glass, inside or outside. They should be easily moved into position and easily removed. Roller blinds were most in use when material was readily available. Roller blinds made of wood slats were also much in use when wood was cheap and easily obtain- able. Rain water is all-essential. Tanks should be so placed as to benefit by the internal heating, thus ensuring that the chill ise taken off recently fallen ice-cold water. Service water should also be available on tap for damping down the house, thus producing a genial moist atmosphere. A stop beneath the plant stage, containing a layer of moisture-holding shingle, is helpful in mak- ing this moist atmosphere and also in preventing pipe heat from rising directly up to the pots. Ventilators in roof from six feet intervals are necessary for perfect growing conditions, and a fine spray syringe and a two-gallon can are also essential, Culture—Temperatures Stove: During the summer about 70 degs. Fahr. (18-21 degs. Cent.) by night; 70-80 degs. Fahr. (21-27 degs. Cent.) by day, rising higher during sunshine. Winter about 65 degs. Fahr. (16-18 degs. Cent.) by night and 70 degs. Fahr. (18-21 degs. Cent.) by day. Intermediate: During the summer about 65 degs. Fahr. 16-18 degs. Cent.) by night and 65- 70 degs. Fahr. (18-21 degs. Cent.) by day, ris- ing higher during sunshine. In winter 55-60 degs, Fahr. (13-16 degs. Cent.) by night and 60-65 degs Fahr. (16-18 degs. Cent.) by day. On sharp frosty, or windy days, the temperature may be allowed to fall a few degrees provided there is no undue moisture present. Cool: This division should be kept as near 60 degs. Fahr. (16 degs. Cent.) as possible by day and night during summer. In winter the night temperature may fall to 50 degs. Fahr (10 degs. Cent.) or even less without injury to the plants but should be increased to 55-60 degs. Fahr. (13-16 degs. Cent.) during the day, if this can be attained without undue pipe heat. The temperatures advised for the cool division apply chiefly to Odontoglossums, or the Odonto- glossum Crispum section with the numerous hy- brids and crosses derived from it. Such plants Page 108 have what may be termed a soft texture or com- paratively soft flashy leaves. On the other hand, there is a large selection of plants termed coolhouse, which, though they grow well in the temperatures advised, will grow equally well in a house in which the winter temperatures fall occasionally to 40 degs. Fahr. and in summer rise to the tropical. When in difficulties over artificial heating al- ways remember it is better to have a pleasant moist atmosphere slightly cool, than an over- heated arid one. More important still, when there is real danger of the temperature dropping below the safe minimum, keep the house and plants dry. Shading In very sunny positions, blinds and permanent shading (stippling) may be used in conjunction, particularly in the summer. More shading is required in the spring and early summer. In autumn as much sunlight as possible, without risk of scorching, should be given, combined with air; it is an important factor in ripening the season’s growths. Mexican Orchids and any Orchids with hard pseudo-bulbs, particularly if covered with a membrane, delight in, and should be given more sunlight than the pseudo-bulbless or softer growthed kinds. Should any house catch the early morning sun, blinds may, in summer, be left down overnight or a screen may be erected some little distance off to break the rays, otherwise the temperature becomes high too early in the day, particularly in the cool division. Where absence from the house is unavoidable during the day, a certain amount of risk is worth taking during the early spring and autumn, but as the sun gains power leave the blinds down throughout the day. For this reason permanent shading is often preferable for the amateur. Damping In their habitats many Orchids grow in posi- tions where at all, or at certain seasons, or at certain times of the day, vapour rises from the damp ground or foliage of plants beneath them. Much of their nourishment is extracted from this vapour, absorbed by their leaves and the aerial roots which so many Orchids produce. To imitate these conditions, water is sprayed on the floors, walls and stagings of the houses. The pro- cess is known as damping and is very helpful, and indeed necessary, to their well-being. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 The operation must be performed according — to the temperature and the season of the year. All dry corners or odd places should be thor- — oughly sprayed, as apart from the moisture given off, they, if neglected, become breeding spots for — insects, On hot days a house may require damping — three or four times, on dull days once in the morning. In winter, according to the fire heat; once a day may be sufficient in the cool house: None of the divisions should be unduly moist : during the early mornings. In autumn and win- ter the warm and intermediate divisions should — then be on the dry side, but never aridly so. Damping in winter should be done with 3 — rising temperature. Our climate is so variable ~ that the operation must be left entirely to dis- — cretion in the dull months. Watering This is the most important of the artificial cultural performances required of a grower. Al- — ways use rain water which should be stored in 4 tank in the greenhouse so that the chill is taken off it. Water well when watering at all. Never — ‘water a wet plant. When to water and when not — can be determined only by observation. Allow- ance should always be made for the condition — and quantity of the compost about the roots and the comparative vigour of the plant. Cymbidiums, Cy pripediums, Zygopetalums and | all terrestrial kinds require proportionately mor® — water than do Cattleyas, Odontoglossums and other epiphytes, as the latter have a greater cap- acity for drawing moisture from the atmosphere — Further, Orchids of the psuedo-bulbless kind; such as Cypripediums, Masdevallias, etc., require more frequent watering throughout the yeat than do those with psuedo-bulbs. All Orchids naturally require less frequent watering whe? the weather is dull. (To be continued in the March, 1950, issue): Classified Advertisements Minimum 2 lines, 5/-; and I/- per line afterwards FOR SALE.—Cymbidium Hybrid Orchids, £5 per doz. plants (2 bulb), £10 per doz. plants (2 bulb flowering size), better class and high quality plants at reasonable prices. Mail orders receiv prompt attention. Inspection Saturday afternoo? and Sunday only. Tremorva Orchids, 24 Murray St., Lane Cove, N.S.W. LC. TREMPEALEAU (Sargon x Valencia) x (Sargon x Diana) WINTER BLOOMING CROSSES from one of the ‘Finest Parents on Earth’? Flasks (100 plants) Communities a Alessandro x Lc. Trempealeau atti 7.50 Apalachee x Le. Trempealeau ite 7.50 ebo x Lc. Trempealeau : 5.00 Prospector x Le. Trempealeau EK. W. BOX 289, COLMA SAN FRANCISCO, 25, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Orchid) Growers Exporters—Importers—Hybridizers. Page 110 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Mr. ROY DEANE invites you to arrange a visit by car or train to "GREENACRES," VALLEY HEIGHTS Cymbidiums flowering on the mountain slopes provide a sight that will thrill. Girrahween Enid, and nearly all award plants available. A wide rnnge of Cymbidiums in flower offered to beginners at low prices. HODGINS ORCHIDS P.O. Box 108 FRANKSTON (Vic.) Offer Genuine quality Cymbidium Hybrids to the beginner. e Write for our Beginner's List. e Lists also available for the advanced grower. QUALITY IN ORCHIDS CYMBIDIUMS (hybrids) Fine Range Available ° Inspection Invited on any day by ' arrangement L. H. NEWMAN 80 Provincial Road, Lindfield SYDNEY, N.S.W. Tel. JX2803 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 diggers * We are the original pioneers and largest consignors of cymbidium blooms to the United States. Page III Our system of packing, merchandising and consigning is recognised in the Umited States as the best. We collect regularly throughout the season. RELIABILITY, SERVICE AND SATISFACTION. WE PAY HIGHEST PRICES AND CASH! CONTACT US EARLY. ae MIEITCHELE 172 HARROW ROAD, KOGARAH, N.S.W. telephone LWS3302 Page 112 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 SHEAD’S NURSERIES 61 HOMER ST., UNDERCLIFFE We can still offer English seedlings: — LOT No. 1 1. Cymbidium Albatross x Pauwelsi 2. Nancy Harte x Coningsbyanum 3. Curlew x Butterfly 4. Coningsbyanum x Ruskin 15/- to 20/- per seedling. LOT No. 2 Gannett x Butterfly Hathor-Toucan x Edzell Claudette x Shina Black Pauwelsii The King x Ophir F.C.C. Romeo x Baldur Rusper x Ramboda Lowianum Concolor x Jason Pauwelsii Fine x Peri Shina Black x Alexanderi Westonbirt Variety. Most of the above are from well-known parents of Westonbirt and Westonbirt varieties. 15/- to 20/- per seedling. LOT No. 3. Cattleya Seedlings. Cattleya Snow White x Brassavola Digbyana Brasso-Cattleya Gordon Highlander x B.C. Cliftonville Clovelly Var. Mossaie Fine x (I-C Profusion x C. Adeyne). B.C. Marie-Marie-L.C. Princess Margaret x Cattleya Gloriette B-L-C Viscountess x C. Woltersiana-C Dae Dalus Laelia Tenebrosa x B-C Madame Charles Maron C. Hassallii ‘Alba’ Brassayola Digbyana x C Schroderae Aurea Schroderae Aurea x B-C Queen Alexandria Dinah-Woltersiana x L-C Elissa. All the above are ready potted, and can be taken from Nurseries. 15- to 20/- ea. S. A. SHEAD NURSERIES - 61 Homer St., Undercliffe AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 Page 113 SHEAD’S NURSERIES 61 HOMER ST., UNDERCLIFFE OFFERED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AUSTRALIA New Cymbidium Seedlings from Australian Champions: — Girrahween End x Charm var. Elegance " » x Ceres F. J. Hanbury " 1 x Susette Splendidens fh Gloria x Charm var. Elegance " 1 x Susetts Splendidens " x Ceres F. J. Hanbury Louis Sander Kirribilli x Susette Splendidens n " 7 x Ceres F. J..Hanbury " " n x, Charm var. Elegance Princess Astrid x S. A. Shead var. Ceres x Lyoth. (This received an Award of Distinction for best coloured orchid—1946) With the parents, we know that Girrahween Enid, Gloria, Kirri- billi and Princess Astrid, Ceres F. J. Hanbury are all outstanding Champions in their class, either for colour or shape. These seedlings have thrown to their champion parents, and we would say that they are the most outstanding seedlings ever to be shown in Australia. There should be many champions amongst them. Prices: 20/- to 25/- each. There is only a very limited supply of the above varieties, so book your orders now. If ordering by mail, there will be a fortnight's delay, before despatch. Nurseries are situated at 61 Homer Street, Undercliffe. Call out and inspect them—open seven days a week, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Take Earlwood tram in Pitt Street—2nd stop over Cooks River Bridge is right at door. ae Page 114 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1949 = Cymbidiums... We are pleased to announce that we